20170331Annual Report.pdf

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Avista Corp.
1411 East Mission P.O. Box3727
Spokane. Washington 99220-0500
Telephone [phone]
TollFree 800-727-9170
March 31,2017
Diane Holt, Secretary
Idaho Public Utilities Commission
Statehouse Mail
W . 472 Washington Street
Boise,Idaho 83720
RE: Avista Utilities 2017 Annual Report Regarding Selected Research and Development
Efficiency Projects
Dear Ms. Holt:
Enclosed for filing with the Commission is an original andT copies of Avista Corporation's dba
Avista Utilities (*Avista or the Company'') Report on the Company's selected electric energy
efficiency research and development (R&D) projects, implemented by the state of Idatro's four-
year Universities.
Please direct any questions regarding this report to Randy Gnaedinger at [phone] or myself
at 509-495-4975.
Y,
Gervais
Senior Manager, Regulatory Policy
Avista Utilities
509-495-4975
linda. [e-mail]
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AVISTA UTILITIES
SELECTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
EFFICENCY PROIECTS - Idaho
Annual Report
March 3L,20L7
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
March 31.2017
THE FOLLOWING REPORT WAS
PREPARED IN CONFORMANCE WITH
TDAHO pUBLTC UTTLTTTES COMMTSSTON (rpUC)
CASE NO. AVU.E.I3.O8
oRDER NO. 32918
March 31,2017
Page ll
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
ANNUAL REPORT
SELECTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFICENCY PROJECTS
IPUC CASE NO. 32918
TABLE OF CONTENTS
t.
il.
ilt
IV
V.
A.
B.
A.
B.
c.
D.
E.
F.
A.
B.
C.
A.
B.
c.
A.
B.
SCOPE OFWORK..
lntroduction
Background
KEY EVENTS..........,......
Request for lnterest
Selection of Projects
Description of Selected Projects......
Project Manager and Related Communications;
Agreements
Project Milestones
ACCOUNTrNG .............
Funds authorized for R&D projects;
Funds Expended and Remaining Balance
Cost-Recovery..............
PROJECT BENEFITS
Residential Static VAR Compensator, Phase 3 ................
Microgrid
Smart Wires.........
RESEARCH IN-PROGRESS ..............
Summary of research in-progress and anticipated completion milestones pursuant to
contractual agreements and project manager's administration ................
Other relevant activity....
LIST OF APPENDICES
....3
....3
.,..4
....4
....4
....5
','.5
...,7
....7
....7
....9
....9
....9
.... I
..'t0
.. 10
.. 10
..10
..11
..11
..12
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX G
APPENDIX H
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX J
APPENDIX K
Two-Page Reports
Request for lnterest
University of ldaho Agreements
Boise State University Agreement
Final Report: Residential Static VAR Compensator (Phase 3 & Phase 2)
Final Report: Microgrid
Final Report: Smart Wires
lnterim Report: Residential Static VAR Compensator (Phase 4)
lnterim Report: Simulation-Based Commissioning of Energy
Management Control Systems
lnterim Report: Microgrid (Phase 2)
lnterim Report: CAES Water/Energy Conservation Analysis
Page l2
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
March 31 , 2017
I. SCOPE OF WORK
A. lntroduction
This report is prepared in conformance with ldaho Public Utilities Commission (IPUC)
Order No 32918. This includes key events during the reporting period and accounting
for related expend itu res.
Avista Corporation, doing business as Avista Utilities (hereinafter Avista or
Company), at 1411 East [Vission Avenue, Spokane, Washington, is an energy
company involved in the production, transmission and distribution of energy as well
as other energy-related businesses. Avista Utilities is the operating division that
provides electric service to more than 600,000 electric and natural gas customers.
Their service territory covers 30,000 square miles in eastern Washington, northern
ldaho and parts of southern and eastern Oregon, with a population of 1.5 million.
Avista Service Territory
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On August 30, 2013 Avista applied for an order authorizing it to accumulate and
account for customer revenues that will provide funding for selected electric energy
efficiency research and development (R&D) projects, proposed and implemented
Page l3
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
Itarah a1 )o.1.7
by the state of ldaho's four-year Universities. On October 31,2013 Order No. 32918
was granted to Avista. Avista now recovers up to $300,000 per year of revenue to
research from the Company's Schedule 91 Energy Efficiency Rider tariff.
This program provides a stable base of research and development funding that allows
research institutions to sustain quality research programs that benefit customers. lt
is also consistent with ldaho Governor Butch Otter's ldaho Global Entrepreneurial
Mission "iGem" initiative in which industry would provide R&D funding to supplement
funding provided by the State of ldaho.
B. Background
ln the 1990s, with the prospect of electric deregulation, utilities reduced or eliminated
budgets that would increase costs not included by third-party marketers for sales of
power to end-users. Research and development was one of those costs. This has
led to the utility industry having the lowest R&D share of net sales among all US
industries.
Research and development is defined, for the purpose of this project, to be applied
R&D that could yield benefits to customers in the next one to fouryears.
ln 2010, Governor Otter announced ldaho would support university research as a
policy initiative with some funding provided by the state and supplemental funding
expected from other sources. This project provides additional funding to selected
research.
II. KEY EVENTS
A. Request for lnterest
The request for interest for projects funded in 201512016 fiscal year was prepared
and distributed to all three ldaho Universities as shown below. A full copy of the
request for lnterest is included in Appendix B. The proposals and selections for
projects funded in 201612017 FY will be detailed in the 2018 Annual Report.
University Delivery Date
University of ldaho March 20,2015
Boise State University March 20,2015
ldaho State University March 20,2015
On April 21,2016, Avista received 9 proposals from the University of ldaho and 1
proposal from Boise State University. Following is a list of the proposals received:
Universitv of ldaho
1. Grid Defender Utility Pole lnstallation and Protection System
2. Case studies of lmpact of LED lighting upgrades on overall energy use to
better Structure Avista lncentives
Page 14
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
March 31,2017
3. Developing Practical Energy Saving Recommendations for the North West
!ndustries and Assessing of Environmenta! Protection
4. Electric School Buses with Secondary Vehicle to Grid Energy Utilization
5. Downtown Spokane Micro-grid
6. CAES Water/Energy Conservation Analysis with Avista
7. Assessment of Potential Energy Savings Through Solar Roadways
lnstallation on Ul Campus
8. Energy Trading System
9. Simulation-Based Commissioning of Energy Management Control System
Boise State University
1. Operation and Control of Distributed Static Var Compensator
B. Selection of Projects
Avista prepared an evaluation matrix for the 10 proposed projects. A team of
individuals representing Distribution, Transmission Planning, Generation and
Demand Side Management, co-filled out the matrix to rank each of the projects. The
following factors in no particular order were considered in the ranking process.
. Research Areas Already Being Done (EPRI, WSU, AVA)
ComplemenURed undanUNew. Potential Value to Customers kwh/KW/$ (1-10)o CO2 Emission Reduction (Y/N)o Market Potential (1-10). Are Results Measurable (Y/N). Aligned with Avista Business Functions (Y/N)o New or Novel (Y/N). Ranking (1 -10)
C. Description of Selected Projects
Following is a brief description of each of the three selected projects. Project teams
compiled "Two Page Reports" which summarize and highlight project details. These
Two Page Reports are included in Appendix A. Additional details are included in the
final project reports in Appendix E, Appendix F, and Appendix G. Phase 2 of the
Residential Static VAR Compensator (RSVC) project was not selected for IPUC
funding, however, BSU arranged additional funding and this research has been
complimentary to the Phase 3 project Avista did fund. The RSVC Phase 2final report
was combined with the Phase 3 report which is included in Appendix E.
RSVC Phase 3: Deolovment Studv of Distribution Static VAR Compensators
(DSVC's) and Phase 2: Hardware lmplementation of a Residential Static VAR
Compensator
Phase ! of this project consisted of a study model of a Residential Static VAR
Compensator (RSVC) for regulating residential voltages. The studies from Phase I
showed that a single-please RSVC offers a significant potential for energy savings
Page l5
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
March 31 , 2017
by voltage regulation and can become a valuable tool to assist with energy efficiency,
especially during peak demand hours.
Phase ll of this project consisted of building an open loop control prototype of the
RSVC device. The implementation strategy involved a software centered approach
that used an FPGA in conjunction with bidirectional switches. The bidirectional
switches were made of MOSFETS and controlled using a state machine to provide a
smooth transition between states.
Phase lll of this project consisted of performing a time-series simulation over multiple
months using a model developed in OpenDSS of downtown Spokane and a rural
feeder near Lake Pend Oreille. The simulations showed that the deployment of RSVC
could enhance CVR by flattening the voltage profile along the feeder. This allowed
the voltage at the feeder head to be reduced, which maximized the benefits of CVR.
Microqrid: Critical Load Servinq Capabilitv by Optimizinq Microqrid Operation
Power system reliability is traditionally defined as the ability of the power system
operators to meet the total system load utilizing the available resources. Power
systems serve a diverse profile of loads. Residential customers, commercial
buildings, industrial loads, and public service loads are examples of various load
types. When the balance between totalgeneration and load is disturbed, some loads
may not be served and outages occur. This imbalance can be caused by severe
weather conditions, failure of generating equipment, or failure of transmission
facilities. While outages are not desirable and jeopardize system reliability, some
outages have more adverse consequences than others. To minimize these adverse
impacts on customers and to prevent these outages causing further chaos, it is crucial
to ensure critical loads, such as hospital loads, are supplied with uninterruptible
power during system outages. One solution to this problem is to design and operate
a local microgrid based on Avista's generation capabilities and where that generation
is located. A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can serve local loads with or
without connection to the utility grid.
Smart Wires for lncreasinq Transmission and Distribution Efficiencv
The scope of this research was to perform studies to see the impact of a limited
number of Distributed-Flexible AC Transmission Systems (D-FACTS) devices placed
on either transmission lines or on long rural distribution feeders on efficiency of power
systems operations. The goalwas to create a practical plan to investigate and employ
these devices and to identify the cost advantages to ratepayers of implementing
these devices, measured through energy savings, improvements to system reliability,
and enhanced stability.
Page 16
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
lllaroh11 2O17
D. Project Manager and Related Communications;
Avista set out to find an independent third party project manager based in ldaho. On
Septembet 26,2014 Avista entered into an agreement with T-O Engineers as this
independent third party project manager. T-O Engineers is an ldaho company based
in Boise, ldaho with offices in Boise, Coeur d'Alene, Spokane, and Nampa.
T-O is tasked with providing project management, organizational structure, milestone
setup, milestone tracking, and incidental administrative services. The project
managerforT-O Engineers is JR Norvell, PE. The deputy project manager is Natasha
Jostad, PE. JR and Natasha are both based out of the Spokane office.
E. Agreements
On September 18, 2015 Avista executed an amendment to the existing master
agreement with the University of ldaho. The full agreement and amendment are
included as Appendix G. lndividual task orders are assigned for each of the research
projects selected.
On August 10,2015 Avista entered into an agreement with Boise State University.
The full agreement is included as Appendix D.
F. Project Milestones
The following graphic identifies each projects specific tasks as well as the overall
research and development schedule and milestones. Final reports from each
Principle Investigator were submitted in the fal! of 2016. !n addition to the written
report, each research team presented their findings to Avista on August 23,20
Page l7
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
March 31,2017
l.0ProjectManagement
Fall Semester Spring Semester Summer Semester
1,0 Develop Follow-on Proposal J
Prepa.e tinal Repoft
Wo*int Modelln OpenDSS
l. Working Model in OpenDSSfor IEEE Modified model repliEting
ssuas fa..d hv Avlrt.
l.Testthe Modlfied IEEE Feeder
L Deploy RSVC'S on IEEE Feeto mltiBate issues
i, Results ofDeployint RSVC'S in Modified IEEE Feeder
i.Summarire Results
l. StudyBenefitsof Deploying RSVCk forCVR Purposes
l. Model Distribution teeder Provided byAvlsta
I I I), Deploy RSVC'Son Avlsta Feeder
t. Receivint Data from Avista
I I I
l. Set up Pow€rworld and Preliminary studyof txistint System
l.Synem StabilityAnalysls
L UntfySofhf,areApproach to Powemoild and Modelint
t. Model Dlstdbution System from MS Access into Powerworld
t. Demonstration of lnitial Microtrid Operatior
,. Analysls baied on Seasonal Variation ofGeneration
B. Prioritirintthe Loads
t, SImple Models of Upcomlnt Technolodes
10. Renewable/Battery Addition
11, optlmal Dlspatch of theLoad
l. learn and Test Device Models ln Powerworld
12. Results/lssues ldentlfi ed I I I
!,Available Commercial Devices
l. PrellminaryApplicatlon otDevices on Avista Gdd
l. Evaluate ResulBo, PrelimlnaryStudy
Ii. Evaluate Results
t. Proled l0ckoff
I
l. Morthly Proie3tUpdates
3. Projed Presentatlon toAvista
1. Proiect Klckott Meetint
I
2, Follow"on Proposal to Avista
3. tinal ReportstoAvista
{.lPuC Delivembles
Task Description sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar16 Aprl.6 May-L5 lun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16
Basic Project Elements - All Projects
Microgrid
Smart Wires
Project Meetings - AllProjects
Milestones/Deliverables - All Projects
Page l8
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
i.larah ?,1 )l)17
III. ACCOUNTING
A. Funds authorized for R&D projects;
Effective November 1,2013 Avista can fund up to $300,000 per year of R&D from
revenue collected through Avista's Schedule 91, Energy Efficiency Rider
Adjustment. Contracts for 201512016 FY are as follows:
B. Funds Expended and Remaining Balance
Following is the final budget summary for 201412015 FY R&D Projects
C. Gost-Recovery
The costs associated with R&D are funded from revenue collected through Avista's
Schedule 91 - Energy Efficiency Rider Adjustment. The $12,643.19 will rollover to
next year's R&D budget. All R&D projects are invoiced on a time and materials basis
with an amount not to exceed. The costs would be included in the Company's annual
tariff filing in June if the rider balance requires a true-up.
Agency Description
Contract
Amount Point of Gontact
Boise State University Residential Static Var
Compensator (Phase 3)$ 67,594.00 Dr. Said Ahmed-
Zaid
University of ldaho Microgrid $ 79,856.00 Dr. Herbert L. Hess
University of ldaho Smart Wires $ 75,044.00 Dr. Brian Johnson
T-O Engineers Project Manager $ 30,000.00 James R. Norvell
Total $252,494.00
Description
Contract
Amount Total Expended
Budget
Remaininq
Residential Static Var Compensator
(Phase 3)$ 67,594.00 $ 67,594.00 $ 0.00
Microgrid $ 79,856.00 $79,428.27 $ 427.73
Smart Wires $ 75,044.00 $ 63,688.75 $ 1 1,355.25
Proiect Manaqer $ 30,000.00 $ 29,139.79 $ 860.21
Totals $ 252,494.00 $ 239,850.81 $ 12,643.19
Page l9
IV. PROJECT BENEFITS
A. Residential Static VAR Compensator, Phase 3
The deployment of DSVCs offers a significant potentialfor energy savings as well as
cost effectiveness by voltage regulation. lt can become a valuable tool in a utility
demand-side management for energy efficiency.
Currently the primary method to improve the power quality in distribution feeders is
by deploying large fixed and/or switched shunt capacitors. The benefits of deploying
capacitors are well known and summarized below:
1. Regulation of voltage levels
2. Released system capacity
3. Reduction of system losses
4. Power factor correction
DSVCs could provide not only the same benefits as the capacitors, but these benefits
can be more substantial by making use of the inductor integrated in a DSVC. The
DSVCs can act like "smart" capacitors by changing the reactive power continuously
instead of using discrete on/off steps like the traditional capacitor banks.
B. Microgrid
The costs associated with failure to supply critical loads are significant. The ability to
create a microgrid largely using existing generation assets with only the addition of
control devices can result in significant savings during major events. The results of
the study and microgrid development for downtown Spokane can potentially be
applied in other areas of the Avista system or to other utilities in the region or nation.
By locally supplying the power demand to customers, utilities can decrease system
generation and recovery costs during outages. The application of microgrids can
foster the application of clean energy very close the critical loads.
C. Smart Wires
The approximate value of an averted outage or a cascading outage due to storm
damage similar to what was experienced last November by Avista is enormous. This
is far greater than the cost of applying D-FACTS devices Avista's lines.
The DFACTS devices can move power flow between transmission paths to get it to
where it's needed more efficiently, resulting in:
1. Reduced planning costs
2. lmproved line planning
3. Avoided system overload
4. Deferred cost of new equipmenUlines
5. Enhanced system efficiency
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
l,lanah 1,1 )i47
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Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Report
hlarah ?,1 2i1'7
V. RESEARCHIN.PROGRESS
A. Summary of research in-progress and anticipated completion milestones
pursuant to contractua! agreements and project manager's administration.
There are currently four projects in progress for the 201612017 fiscal year. lnterim
Reports are included in Appendices H, l, J, and K. Milestones for each current IPUC
funded project are listed in the table below.
Fall Semester S€mestet
2. t ovclop Follow-on Propo3.l Ee*
ry I I
r.3k2: Dat AcquBition t?f!* 3: RSVC Dynrmac Samuhtion
I hlf.* a: Effact of RSVC on Exi3ting Crpa
Iat 5: nsvc allo tnd vonler um AIo.
^l *f.3k 6: HW PrototYpa Dtv.PralimanffY
fastino
Il3t 7: Draft Roport
*
I I I I aTt'I E: Final Ropolt and FrBantataon
T.3l l: Mrttercontroll6r
(Maln Diractivel
M: Z: fi I Uli MoOOt
I ttt 3: smrll scllr txampl. [loorr
f!3k 4: Smlll Scllc Exlmplr Modal:
Trio Brarler I
f.3k 5: Smlll Sc.lo Exampl. lrod.l:
fr3k 6: l!].nd DoLction Slttang3 {f !31 7: LOad Shadding wln vtpart
IiI
fa.k 2: Estsblbh on Siti
Communlcation
)"{*fal 3: Simolifo D.t ilod Enarsy ilod.l l
flak 4: Anrlyrc Effcctivonc.s of
Rcducad - Order Models
).{*f.3k 5: D.Yolop Workflow ror
Ptactltionur I I I I *
fr3t 2: Mlct with Liqhthous.,\}{tlnform.tionf.sl4: Provid. Wort,ng Simulrtion of
Procars .+?
ft3l 5: lncorporalo Dchumidificataon
in Condcngera <t
{t
I I I
f!* 0: Simul.ls I Month ot summ.r
ind Wintar
L Prcjoct Kid.ott iturting
2. Follow-on Proposl to Avlsta
il,. Flnal R€port and Praiantltlon to
Avista
Task Description sep 16 Oct 16 Nov-16 De. 16 tan 1j Feb 17 Mar 17 Apr 17 May 17 lun 71 )ul 77 Aug 17
Basic Project Elements - All P ects
Micro Grid
Commissioning of Energy Management Control Systems
CAES Water-Energy Conservation Analysis
Milestones/Deliverables - All Projects
IPUC Deliver.blss
Page lll
Avista Research and Development Projects Annual Reporti,larrh'l,1 2f]17
B. Other relevant activity.
Project kick-off meetings were held on-site at the University of ldaho and Boise State
University.
A progress meeting is held bi-monthly for each project. These meetings typically
take 0.5 hours and include a review of schedule, monthly progress reporting,
invoicing, Avista comments, and action items for the next month. The meetings are
organized and led by the lndependent Program Manager, T-O Engineers.
Attendees for each meeting include the Principal Investigator, Co-lnvestigators,
Student Researchers, Avista personnel, and the lndependent Program Manager.
There are currently four projects in progress for the 201612017 fiscal year. Funds
were rolled over from previous years to fund an additional project. Contracts for
these projects total $372,665.17. Budget details and funds expended will be
summarized in the 2018 Annua! Report.
P age 112
/.,,itnsta
AVISTA
UTILITIES
SELECTED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
EFFICENCY PROIECTS - Idaho
APPENDIX A
TWO-PAGE REPORTS
B AHwsrtBOISE STATE UX!VENSITY
DTpIovMENT Sruov Or DTSTRIBUTIOn SrarTC VAR
CoupeNsAroRs (DSVCS)
Project Duration: September 2015 - August 2016 Project Cost: Total Funding $67,593
2015 Funding: $22,531
2016 Funding: $45,062
OBJEGTIVE
The objective of phase III of the DSVC project
is to study the potential benefits of deploying
multiple Distribution Static VAR Compensators
(DSVCS) developed during Phase I of the
project. This study consists of comparing the
existing year-long time series measured load
flow data to simulation data generated with the
DSVC deployed into the test grid computer
model. The DSVC deployment will consist of
various penetration percentages and voltage
control set-points. The test grid computer
model will allow investigation of specific
scenarios provided by Avista to show the value
of deploying DSVCS.
BUSINESS VALUE
The deployment of DSVCs offer a significant
potential for energy savings as well as cost
effectiveness by voltage regulation. It can
become a valuable tool in a utility demand-
side management for energy efficiency.
INDUSTRY NEED
Currently the primary method to improve the
power quality in distribution feeders is by
deploying large fixed and/or switched shunt
capacitors. The benefits of deploying
capacitors are well known and summarized
below:
1. Regulation of voltage levels2. Released system capacity
3. Reduction of system losses4. Power factor correction
DSVCs could provide not only the same
benefits as the capacitors, but these benefits
can be more substantial by making use of the
inductor integrated in a DSVC. The DSVCs can
act like "smalt" capacitors by changing the
reactive power continuously instead of using
discrete onloff steps like the traditional
capacitor banks.
BAGKGROUND
Phase I of the project consisted of a study
model of a DSVC for regulating residential
voltages. The studies from phase I showed thata single-phase DSVC offered a significantpotential for energy savings by voltage
regulation and it could be a valuable tool in a
utility demand-side management for energy
efficiency, especially during peak demand
hours, In distribution networks, when the
voltage at a bus falls below a reference value,
reactive power is injected into the system by
the DSVC to raise the voltage. When the bus
voltage becomes higher than the reference
value, reactive power is absorbed by the DSVC
to lower the bus voltage. DSVCs are smart
devices that can be more flexible and more
powerful for load management than traditional
shunt inductor and shunt capacitors.
SCOPE
The project scope is broken into four tasks
detailed below,
Task 1: Feeder Modeling Methodology
During this task a feeder modeling
methodology was prepared using OpenDSS
and MATLAB, The methodology consists of
scripts, circuit summary reports, and plot
macros capable of being executed on an actual
Avista distri bution feeder.
Task 2: Avista FeederModeling
This task peformed the conversion of a
PowerWorld model developed by Avista of the
Spokane downtown network to an OpenDSS
model. Work involved mapping each of the
PowerWorld branches, transformers, load and
other system elements to an OpenDSS
database.
Task 3: Model Verification
The translation from PowerWorld to OpenDSS
was completed using several spreadsheets in
Excel in an attempt to automate the
conversion process and reduce data entry
error. PowerWorld was designed to solve
balanced three phase transmission networks,
while OpenDSS was designed to solve
unbalanced one, two, and three phase
distribution networks. To ensure the model
created in OpenDSS is accurate, a comparison
was made between all bus feeder voltages and
branch power flows between the two
simulators. The accuracy of the comparison
was within an acceptableZo/o.
Figure 1 shows the voltage at every bus
obtained in PowerWorld and in OpenDSS.
Figure l: Distribution Voltage Comparison from
PowerWorld and OpenDSS Load-Flow Results
Task 4: DSVC SimulatorDeployment
The DSVC deployment was performed in two
stages. First a snapshot solution was taken of
the distribution system using the data provided
from the PowerWorld model. A comparison of
the real and reactive powers with and without
the DSVCs was performed. The second stage
performed a yearly simulation using a data fileof recorded SCADA measurements from
downtown Spokane. Using the actual load-
shape of the network throughout the year, the
simulated reduction in losses from DSVC
deployment can be measured and compared
against the original losses,
Table 1 shows the base case with no deployed
DSVCs versus deployed DSVCs at two different
per unit voltage set-points.
Table l: DowntownNetworkResults
Ease Case vDsvc=l.o VDSVC=1.O5
kw LW LVAP
Network 1 30 12 L767 3015 z762 3010 1057
Network 2
Network 3
4790 2670 4792 3168 47AA 7L3
3992 1848 4001 2838 3993 368
Network 4 2813 t284 2A2A 2742 2872 138
The Avista model of the downtown Spokane
grid used a voltage set-point of 1.04 per unit
voltage on the secondary side of the feeder
transformers. Consequently, the best loss
scenario occurred at a DSVC voltage set-point
of 1.04 per unit voltage. Table 2 shows the
losses calculated at a DSVC voltage set-point
of 1.04 per unit.
Table 2: Losses
Task 5: Sensitivity Analysis
A sensitivity analysis will be performed on
multiple configurations of the DSVC
deployment to determine the best case
deployment scenarios. The deployment
scenarios will be measured with a time series
simulation to calculate the decreased system
losses in yearly kWh,
Task 6: FinalReport
This task includes the Final Repoft with all the
results from the simulation analysis including
yearly kWh energy savings, and potential
deployment locations.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be the final
repoft along with the simulation models used
for the analysis.
PROJEGT TEAM
SGHEDULE
Results
Brse Case Vref = '1.O4
Llne
losses
f kwl
XFMR
lossestkw)
Line
Lossesakwl
XFMR
losses,kwl
Downtown network 181 L25.9 165.4 115.7
PowerWorld vs OpenDSS
t-1
1.05
1
0.95
0-9
-FonaerWorld -
OPeEDSS
PRINCIPAL I}IVESTIGATOR
Boise State
RESEARCH ASSISTAI{TS
Email m uhammadlatif@u. boisestate.edu
Email
TASK TIME
ALLOCATED
START
DATE
F!NISH
DATE
Feeder Mndelino ? months Sent 1 q NovI5
Feeder Simulation 2 months Dec 15 Feb 15
Interim Report month Feb 15 Feb 15
DeDlovment of DSVC 4 months Mar 15 May 15
Sensitivitv Analvsis 2 month Jun 15 lul 15
Final Report 1 month Jul 15 Aug 15
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential.
B AHwsrtBOISE STATE UNIVERSITY
Hnnowenr IUPLEMENTATION OF A RESTOTNTIAL SrNrrC VAR
CouprNsAroR (RSVC)
Project Duration: September 2015 - August 2016
OBJEGTIVE
The objective of this project is the hardware
realization of a residential static VAR
compensator (RSVC) device that has a
potential application as an energy-saving toolin the operation of distribution networks
demand-side management program such as
conservation by voltage reduction (CVR). This
type of device could be remotely or locally
controlled to maintain a customer load voltage
with a positive CVR coefficient at the minimum
permissible voltage required by ANSI C84.1
during peak demand hours. Deploying these
devices on the customer side of a distribution
system will help reduce energy consumption
for the customers and allow utilities to reduce
their need for peaking units during periods of
maximum demand.
BUSINESS VALUE
After the successful simulation of the RSVC
model in MATI-AB during phase I, our next
focus was to research the requirements of the
components that will be utilized in building an
RSVC prototype. Based on the RSVC VAR
requirements, the estimated prices for the
power capacitor (10 kVAr), inductor (25 kVAr)and electronics components including
transistors, programmable hardware devices
and heat sinks is tabulated below:
Distribution utilities must purchase enough
generation capacity to manage load during
peak hours. There is a need to build a device
that dynamically optimizes voltage levels via
sophisticated smaft grid technologies to
continuously reduce energy consumption and
demand during peaks hours when electricity
prices are inflated and demand may exceed the
available energy.
BAGKGROUND
Traditionally, a Static VAR Compensator is
implemented using a reactance connected in
series with a bidirectional thyristor valve (TCR)
along with a fixed capacitor bank as shown in
Figure 1. Partial reactor current contribution is
obtained when the firing angle for thyristor
valve is between 90o and 1800. However, TCR
has ceftain drawbacks that include a complex
control system that requires synchronization
with the AC mains using phase-locked loops.
Also, due to a non- continuous current, TCR
produces low-order harmonics that require
filtering. To overcome the problem associated
with TCR-based SVC topologies, a Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) based SVC is used for
building the RSVC prototype. Instead of using
thyristor valves for controlling reactor current,
two bidirectional switches with high-frequency
(10-30Khz) complementary gating signals are
used. The fundamental component of the
reactor current can be controlled by varying
the duty cycle (D) of the gating signals, thus
eliminating the need for a synchronization
mechanism with the AC mains and filters to
remove low-order harmonics.
Figure l: TCR with Fixed Capacitor based SVCand
PWM reactor with Fixed Capacitor based SVC
Estimated Cost
and Savings
Analvsis
Power
Capacitor
Power
Inductor
Electronic
Components
$139.00 $150.00Estimated Cost
$314.00 $2s.00
Estimated
Savings
(for 6 hours use
with 2.5olo energy
savings)
Joriar&&6& ?tkw x ta\o x 6 h$ n
36sQy$2.s%=${f.s
I l-ft
SGOPE
Task I : Commutation Strategy forBi-Directional
Switches (BDS)
High power bi-directional switches (BDS) arenot commercially available. Therefore, to
realize a BDS, discrete power electronics
devices are required. Figure 2 shows the
topology used for building a BDS, which consist
of two anti-parallel high-power transistors
(MOSFET/ IGBT) devices with series diodes.
This BDS topology has the least conduction
losses as compared to other BDS topologies.o
,osrrrT,err-l
rrrosrrr/reerJ
Figure 2: BDS switching topology withantiparallel
MOSFET/IGBT
For an RSVC device, two BDS (four transistor
devices) are required for safe commutation of
reactor current. Failure to implement a safe
commutation strategy will lead to destructive
voltage and current spikes which destroy the
switches.
A four-step current commutation
methodology, based on input voltage across
the two BDS involved, is established. The
following state machine can be derived for safe
commutation of the BDS, using the voltage
measurement of the input phases that covers
all possible cases. This strategy assumes that,
when the output phase has to stay connected
to an input phase, both the active devices of
the corresponding BDS are turned on. A shott
time delay has to be insefted between the
commutation steps to ensure the safe
commutation of the reactor current.
Figure 3: Four Step Commutation State machine
Using this commutation strategy, the main
inductor current is nearly sinusoidal as shown
in the figure 4:
Figure 4: Current through Inductor, SWI & SW2
Task 2: Hardware Realization for Open-Loop
RSVG
After successful implementation of the BDS
commutation strategy, an open-loop RSVC can
be realized using the power components i.e.
capacitor (10 kVAr) and inductor (15 kVAr).
Based on the desired operating point, between
0.95pu to 1.05pu, the duty cycle of the RSVC
device can be adjusted, which in turn provides
a reliable and convenient approach for the
utilities to regulate voltages during peak
demand hours.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverable for this project will be a
laboratory prototype of open-loop RSVC
system with an adjustable duty cycle that can
vary the distribution voltage in the range of
0.95pu to 1.05pu.
PROJEGT TEAM
TASK
TIME
ALLOCATED
START
DATE
FINISH
DATE
qFn'1 q N^v'1q
BDS Hardware
Desldn 4 months Dec'15 Mar'16
BDS I estrnO 1 month Aoril'16 Aorll'16
oDen-looD Rsvc months Aoril'15 Jun'16
Final Report 2 months July'16 Auqust'16
v1 >v2
SL Stu:S2^ E
sl. sl : s2. 3a
v2 >v1
PRII{CIPAL INVESTIGATOR
NameOroanization Dr. Said Ahmed-ZaidBoise State univeBitv
Email
Name
Oroanization
[e-mail]
Boise State UniversiW
Email iohnstubba n @boisestate.edu
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
M' 'hrhhad (rmran I 2tif
uroantzatlon Boise State Universitv
Email [e-mail]
Name A^d16. \r:lianai:
Orqanization Boise State Universaty
Email a ndresvaldeoena (ou. boisestate.edu
sr.p I - ro1
srcr 2- D2
Srcp I - Dl
St pa -IU
0
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential.
SGHEDULE
Universityotldaho AFr-stsrn
College of Engineering
CnrrrCaI LOaO STNVING CNPRETLITY EY OPTIMIZING
MrcnoGRrD OprnnuoN
Project Duration: 12 months Project Cost: Total Funding $79,856
2015 Funding $11,640
2016 Funding $68,216
OBJECTIVE
At present a significant paft of the power
supply to Spokane comes from Montana
through a single 500kV line. If the line goes
down under ceftain conditions, Avista's system
could go down. The main objective of this
project is to perform a study of establishing a
microgrid to supply high priority loads in
downtown Spokane using the hydroelectric
generators within the downtown area on the
Spokane River. Implementation of the
microgrid will require disconnection from the
main grid, reconfiguration to pick up critical
loads such as the hospitals, coufthouse, and
other facilities, and shedding less critical loads.
These transitions need to occur while
maintaining stability of the microgrid. The
main substations involved in this scenario are
Post Street, Metro, College & Walnut and Third
& Hatch.
BUS!ilESS VALUE
The costs associated with failure to supply
critical loads are significant. The ability to
create a microgrid largely using existing
generation assets with only the addition of
control devices can result in significant savings
during major events. The results of the study
and microgrid development for downtown
Spokane can potentially be applied in other
areas of the Avista system or to other utilities
in the region or nation. By locally supplying the
power demand to customers, utilities can
decrease system generation and recovery
costs during outages. The application of
microgrids can foster the application of clean
energy very close the critical loads.
BAGKGROUND
In order to achieve a more reliable power
supply in the face of severe con tin gen ci es
such as extreme weather and natural
disasters, major generation failure, loss of
transmission lines, or cyber-attacks, utilities
are studying the possibilities of forming
microgrids.
A microgrid is a small scale power grid thatcan serve local loads with or without
connection to the utility grid. When a major
disturbance occurs, the microgrid disconnects
from the main grid and supplies power to local
loads using local generation resources,
potentially including energy storage. The
objective in forming the microgrid is to
minimize these adverse impacts on critical
loads such as: hospitals, government offices,fire stations, and police stations. Other
advantages from forming microgrids include
reduction in power losses, increased reliability,and enabling the integration of green
electricity sources.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS
At present the generation, transmission and
distribution systems in the microgrid footprint
are modeled in different simulation packages.
The generators and transmission lines are
modeled in Powerworld as part of the larger
WECC transmission model. The downtown
distribution network is implemented in a
separate, disconnected Powerworld model. The
remainder of the distribution network that
supplies the hospitals, court house and
university district are modeled in SynerGEE.
The entire microgrid will be modeled as a single
system in Powerworld. The model will staft
from a backbone of the 115 kV lines from the
generating stations to the buses that supply
critical loads. The distribution feeders will be
built out from the substations in steps,
incorporating data from the downtown network
model in Powerworld or the feeder data in
SynerGEE, Simplified models will be
used which aggregate details not needed in
the microgrid model.
Since the total load in the microgrid
footprint exceeds the capacity of the
generators, the Powerworld microgrid model
will represent points with non-critical loads can
be disconnected.
The available generation from the hydro
units varies seasonally. The study will create
critical load profiles and generation profiles
based on measured data from the past three
years. Eight different load values can be taken
within the four different seasons with high and
low values. The data analyzed from the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
shows that Spokane has potential for solar
generation which can complement the hydro
during lower water flow periods in late summer
afternoon peaks to an extent.
As first step, steady-state analysis was
performed to verify the bus voltages at the
substations are within limits. Next, power flow
analysis was peformed to ensure steady-
state stability. After proving that the system is
stable in steady-state, transient stability was
tested by analyzing the impact of picking up
loads in different sized increments. The
preliminary results show the system is able to
supply critical loads in stable manner.
WORK PROJEGTED
Task 1: Modeling the system in Powerworld
Unifying the system model into Powerworld
by modeling it completely. Acquire data from
SynerGEE and the Powerworld downtown
network model.
Task 2: Analysis on completedmodela. Come up with different combinations of
loads according to their priority levelsb. Evaluate the different connections and
combinations for supplying critical loads to
reduce losses and improving reliabilityc. Consider eight different load levels
according to the seasonal variation and
observing the system behavior in different
cases. Consider generation capabilities
based on available waterflows.d. Most of the critical loads are at the end of
their feeders. Each feeder supplies many
laterals with less critical loads prior to
reaching the critical load. Study schemes to
shed these non-critical loads.
e. Transient stability analysis based available
generator stability models, Evaluate
performance of the existing governors and
exciters. Evaluate need for updates.
Task 3: Demonstration of microgrid operation
Develop finalized full microgrid system model
and conduct studies and evaluate. Perform
different analysis and study solutions that
might improve perforamance.
Task 4: FinalReport
Compile final report with the results from the
studies as well as the models, proposed
solutions and any upcoming technologies.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be:. Completed Powerworld model with analysis
of different cases. Proposed solutions forimplementation
PROJEGT TEAM
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Dr Hprhprf Hpq<
Oroanization LJnivereitv of Idaho
contact #[phone]
Email [e-mail]
CO.PRINCIPAL II{VESTIOATOR
Name Dr. Brian Johnson
Oroanization University of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Emarl bjoh nson @ ui da ho. ed u
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
Email [e-mail]
Name
Organization
Email
Matt Phillips
University of Idaho
[e-mail]
Name
Oroanization
Nathan Gaul
Llnivereitv of Idaho
Email [e-mail]
SGHEDULE
TASKI{AME Base line
schedule
Actual
completion
Stage gate 1
Renciwa data S^m Awi.r^1U05/2015 tt/09D0t5
Set up Powemorld to work mdpreliminary
study of existins system t126/2015 tv22/2015
Evalute whether this system isstable 1211012015 02/08/2016
Strge gate 2
Uniff the softwre approach inPowemorld,
oreliminry test and validation ofmodel.
03/17/20t6
Visit the Avistafacilities 03/08/20t6
Complete tmnslation of distribution system fiom
SynerGEE into Poweruorld $t3tn0rc
Demomtmtion of initial microgrid opemtion
assumins nomalconditiom 03/31/20t6
Stage Gate 3
Analysis based on the seasonal variationof
qeneration
04/28/20t6
Prioritizins the loads 05/r2D0t6
Simple models of upcoming technologiesthat
can benefited 05/26/2016
Renewable genemtion/batteryaddition 06/2312016
Ootimal dispatch of theload 07DrD0t6
Demomtmtion of Microgrid operation/any
sussestions 08n8120t6
Results/Issues identifi edlProposed solutions 09/30/2016
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential,
College of Engineering
Smaft Wires
D.FACTS DevICE IMPACT ON THE COT{peNSATION FOR
CorurrruGENcY ArunlYsts (tt- 1)
Project Duration: 11 months Project Cost: Total Funding$75,044
2015 Funding: $13,251
2016 Funding: $61,793
OBJEGTIVE
The Smaft Wires project is aimed at
pefforming analysis of Avista Corporation's
transmission infrastructure to determine
potential benefits that could be realized by
applying Distributed Flexible AC Transmission
Systems devices (D-FACTS).
BUSINESS VALUE
The approximate value of an avefted outage ora cascading outage due to storm damage
similar to what was experienced last November
by Avista is enormous. This is far greater than
the cost of applying D-FACTS devices Avista's
lines.
The DFACTs devices can move power flow
between transmission paths to get it to where
it's needed more efficiently, resulting in:
o Reduced planning costs. Improved line planningo Avoided system overload. Deferred cost of new equipment/lines. Enhanced system efficiency
INDUSTRY NEED
The reliability of the power system is enhanced
by the versatility and utility of D- FACTS
devices. The ability to redirect current flow in
the event of a disruption is an added layer of
protection in an unpredictable environment. In
addition the current on heavily loaded lines canbe rerouted minimizing exponential (12R)
transmission efficiency losses,
BAGKGROUND
Distributed Flexible AC Transmission Systems
devices (D-FACTS) are clamp-on distributed
dynamic series compensators that were
developed at the Georgia Institute of
Technology. They fall into the general family of
reactive compensators commonly referred to
as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
devices. Avista has studied applying FACTS
devices on their transmission system in thepast, especially the unified power flow
controller (UPFC).
However, the devices available from
manufacturers at that time were large devices
with high power ratings. The capital costs for
such devices were prohibitive, despite the
performance gains they afforded.
The distributed, modular smart wires D- FACTS
devices do not require significant space in a
substation and have reduced costs. The
implemented devices can control the effective
impedance on the transmission line and
manipulate the system for unity power factor
operation at all times. This reduces the power
losses in the transmission system caused by
reactive power flow. A large number of such
devices would be needed to match the
performance of a single concentrated FACTS
device, but the number can be optimized per
line.
This project investigates the performance of D-
FACTS devices on all of the available power
lines that Avista has within its grid. In
coordination with Avista engineers, the lines
are modeled appropriately using Powerworld
using appropriate system data. The D-FACTS
devices are then modeled and integrated with
the line models for appropriate simulation
studies.
Applying these models to system operations
planning conditions yields predictions of device
performance within Avista's grid and
identifies most effective lines and appropriate
degrees of compensation for those lines.
Finally, analysis of these results will be used to
develop a practical implementation plan for
general use of D-FACTS devices within Avista's
system. The results will include predictions of
cost advantages for ratepayers through energy
savings, improvements to system reliability,
and stability.
SGOPE
Task 1:
Develop sample transmission system models
that are representative of the Avista system
learning to apply D-FACTS devices. Move on to
apply to actual the Avista while sanitizing the
critical infrastructure data. This will be done
working with Avista engineers) COMPLETE
Task2:
Develop and validate computer simulation
models of different smart wires devices in
several simulation tools for different classes of
studies) COMPLETE
Task3:
Utilize existing operating conditions data to
develop and simulate a test scenario to
determine the candidate locations and the
required degrees of compensation to optimize
line usage for n-1, n-2 and n-1-1 contingency
conditions) IN PROGRESS
Task4:
Analyze simulation results and develop a
practical application plan to implement the
solution. For example, the number of devices
required in the transmission network, needed
modifications to tower structures, and the
compensation control methods.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables on successful completion in
this project include: simulation models and
documentation of predictions for system
performance improvements within the Avista
grid:. Develop a practical implementation plan
for general use of the D-FACTS devices
within Avista's system.. Identify the cost advantages to
ratepayers of implementing this practical
compensation plan through energy
savings, improvements to sYstem
rel iability, and stability.. Predictions for electrical system
behavior when the D-FACTS devices are
applied.
Selection of the best lines to apply the
devices.
Identification of appropriate degrees of
compensation (number of devices)
necessary to obtain these improvements
based on currently available devices or
devices expected to available in the near
term.
Identification of challenges with applying
D-FACTS devices to these lines (e.9. load
bearing limits of thetowers).
Identification of specific improvements
that can be reasonably expected through
application of D-FACTS devices
PROJEGT TEAM
SGHEDULE
Stage Gate 1(Complete). Learn and test D-FACTS device models
in Powerworld. Explore commercially available deviceso Preliminary assessment of viability of
application of D-FACTS devices in
Avista's system based on n-1
contingency studies.. Stag€ gate 1 presentation. Deliver 2 Page Progress Repoft
Stage Gate 2. Fufther evaluate results of preliminary
study. Study application of devices in grid in
WECC recommended contingency cases
Stage Gate 3o Evaluate results
a
a
a
a
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Name
Orqanization
Brian K. Johnson
University of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email
Name
Oroanization
[e-mail]
Dr. Herbert Hess
LJniveEitv of Idaho
contacf #[phone]
Email h hess@ui daho. ed u
AleY r]oredorCorredor
Oroanization Universitv of Idaho
Emarl [e-mail]
Mrfrhaw (lain
LJniveEitv of Idaho
Email klei4457@vandals. uidaho,edu
TASK TIMEALLOCATED START
DATE
FIT{ISH
DATE
q manthq Sen 7O1 5 Fph 701 6Staoe Gate
Mav'15Staqe Gate 2 4 months Feb 2016
2 months Jun 2016 Jul 2016Stage Gate 3
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential
r Final ort
l',',livrsrA
APPENDIX B
REQUEST FOR INTEREST
Avista Corporation
East l4l I Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#vrsrx
Request for Proposal (RFP)
Contract No. R-40239
Avista Energy Research (AER) Initiative
INSTRUCTIONS AI\D REQUIREMENTS
Proposals are due by 4:00 p.m. Pacific Prevailing Time (PPT), April 20,2015 (the "Due Date")
Avista Corporation is an energy company involved in the production, transmission and distribution of
energy as well as other energy-related businesses. Avista Utilities is the operating division that provides
electric service to approximately 3621000 customers and natural gas to approximately 3231000
customers. Avista's service territory covers 30,000 square miles in eastern Washington, northern Idaho
and parts of southern and eastern Oregon, with a population of 1.5 million. Avista's primary, non-
regulated subsidiary is Ecova. Avista's stock is traded under the ticker symbol 65AVA". tr'or more
information about Avista, visit uUlU,ayislanfilitries*On.
for
Avista Corporation
East 141I Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#vrsrt
Avista Corporation ('oAvista")
RFP Confidentiality Notice
This Request for Proposal ("RFP") may contain information that is marked as confidential and proprietary to
Avista ("Confidential lnformation" or "Information"). Under no circumstances may the potential Bidder
receiving this RFP use the Confidential Information for any purpose other than to evaluate the requirements of
this RFP and prepare a responsive proposal ("Proposal"). Further, Bidder must limit distribution of the
Information to only those people involved in preparing Bidder's Proposal.
If Bidder determines that they do not wish to submit a Proposal, Bidder must provide a letter to Avista
certifuing that they have destroyed the Confidential Information, or retum such Information to Avista and
certiff in writing that they have not retained any copies or made any unauthorized use or disclosure of such
information.
If Bidder submits a Proposal, a copy of the RFP documents may be retained until Bidder has received notice
of Avista's decision regarding this RFP. If Bidder has not been selected by Avista, Bidder must either return
the lnformation or destroy such Information and provide a letter to Avista certiffing suchdestruction.
Avista and Bidder will employ the same degree of care with each other's Confidential Information as they use
to protect their own Information and inform their employees of such confidentialityobligations.
RFP No. R-40239 Page2 of9
Instructions and Requirements
1.1 PT'RPOSE
in response to the Idaho Public Utilities Commission Order No. 32918, Avista Corporation will frrnd upto
$300,000 per year of applied research that will further promote broad conservation goals of energy effrciency
and curtailment. Specifically, Avista is seeking a qualified four year institution in the state of Idaho to
provide such applied research (the "Services"). ln light of the rapidly changing utility landscape, Avista
would be interested in funding research projects which are forward thinking and would assist the utility in the
development of product and services which provide an energy efficient commodity to its customers. The
applied research and development projects can be one or multiple years and can be used to support university
research programs, facility and studies.
The following institutions are eligible to submit Avista Energy Research (AER) initiative proposals.
l. University of Idaho 2. Boise State University 3. Idaho State University
Persons or institutions submitting a Proposal will be referred to as "Bidder" in this RFP; after execution of a
contract, the Bidder to whom a contract is awarded, if any, will be the name of the university("Institution").
2.0 STATEMENT OF WORK
The attached Statement of Work (*SOW") specifies the activities, deliverables and/or services sought by
Avista. This SOW will be the primary basis for the final SOW to be included under a formal contract, if a
contract is awarded.
3.1 RFP DOCUMENTS
Attached are the following RFP Documents:
o Statement of Work
. Appendix A - Proposal Cover Sheet
l. Appendix B - Sponsored Research and Development Project Agreement
4.I CONTACTS / SUBMITTALS / SCHEDULE
4.2 All communications with Avista, including questions (see Section 5.1), regarding this RFP must be
directed to Avista's Sole Point of Contact ("SPC"):
Russ Feist
Avista Corporation
l4l I East Mission Avenue
PO Box 3727,M5C-33
Spokane, W499220-3727
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-Mail : [e-mail]
4.3 Proposals must be received no later than 4:00 PM Pacific Prevailing Time ("PPT"), on April20,
2015 ("Due Date"). Bidders should submit an electronic copy of their Proposal to
[e-mail]. In addition to an electronic copy, Bidders may also fax their Proposal to 509-
495-8033, or submit a hard copy to the following address:
Avista Corporation
Attn: Greg Yedinak Supply Chain Management (MSC 33)
141I E. Mission Ave
POBox3727
Spokane, WA 99220-3727
RFP No. R-40239 Page 3 of9
Avista Corporation
East l4l I Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#tltsrr
Avista Corporation
East l4l I Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#vtsrA
No verbal or telephone Proposals will be considered and Proposals received after the Due Date
may not be evaluated.
4.4 RFP Proposed Project Schedule
March 20.2015
April3.2015
April 10.2015
April20.2015
Aoril2T "015
Mav 4.2015
Avista issues RFP
B idder' s Questions/Requests for Clarifi cation Due
Avista's Responses to Clarifications Due Date
Proposals Due
Successful Bidder selection and announcement
Contract Executed
5.I RFP PROCESS
5.2 Pre-proposal Questions Relating to this RFP
Questions about the RFP documents (including without limitation, specifications, contract terms or
the RFP process) must be submitted to the SPC (see Section 4.1), in writing (e-mailed, faxed, or
addressed in accordance with Section 4.2, by the Due Date. Notification of any substantive
clarifications provided in response to questions will be provided via email to all Bidders.
5.3 Requests for Exceptions
Bidder must comply with all of the requirements set forth in the documents provided by Avista as
part of this RFP (including all submittals, contract documents, exhibits or attachments). Any
exceptions to these requirements must be: (i) stated separately, (ii) clearly identiff the exceptions
(including the document name and section), and (iii) include any proposed alternate language, etc.
Failure by Bidder to provide any exceptions in its Proposal will constitute full acceptance of all
documents provided by Avista as part of this RFP. While Avista will not consider alternate language,
etc. that materially conflicts with the intent of this RFP, Avista may consider and negotiate the
inclusion of terms that would be supplemental to the specific document if such terms reasonably
relate to the scope of this RFP.
5.4 Modification and/or Withdrawal of Proposal
5.4.1 By Bidder: Bidder may withdraw its Proposal at any time. Bidder may modiff a submitted
Proposal by written request provided that such request is received by Avista prior to the Due
Date. Following withdrawal or modification of its Proposal, Bidder may submit a new
Proposal provided that such new Proposal is received by Avista prior to the Due Date and
includes a statement that Bidder's new Proposal amends and supersedes the prior Proposal.
5.4.2 By Avista: Avista may modifr any of the RFP documents at any time prior to the Due Date.
Such modifications will be issued simultaneously to all participatingBidders.
5.5 ProposalProcessing
5.5.1 Confidentiality: It is Avista's policy to maintain the confidentiality of all Proposals
received in response to an RFP and the basis for the selection of a Bidder to negotiate a
definitive agreement.
5.5.2 Basis of Any Award: This RFP is not an offer to enter into an agreement with any party.
The contract, if awarded, will be awarded on the basis of Proposals received after
consideration of Bidder's ability to provide the services/work, quality of personnel, extent
and quality of relevant experience, price and/or any other factors deemed pertinent by
Avista, including Bidder's ability to meet any schedules specified in the Statement of Work.
RFP No. R-40239 Page 4 of9
Avista Corporation
East l41l Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#vtsrx
5.5.3 Pre-award Expenses: A1l expenses incurred by Bidder to prepare its Proposal and
participate in any required pre-bid and/or pre-award meetings, visits and/or interviews will
be Bidder's responsibility.
5.5.4 Proposal Acceptance Term: Bidder acknowledges that its Proposal will remain valid for a
period of 60 days following the Due Date unless otherwise extended byAvista.
5.6 Contract Execution
The successful Bidder shall enter into a contract that is substantially the same as the Sponsored
Research and Development Project Agreement governing the performance of the Services/IVork
applicable under this RFP included as Appendix B. However. those Universities that have prior
written aereements with Avista from 2014. may mutually agree to utilize those agreements with an
extension and some modifications to the documents.
6.1 PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS AND SUBMITTALS
Bidder's Proposal must conform to the following outline and address all of the specified content to facilitate
Avista's evaluation of Bidder's qualifications; approach to performing the requested Services/Work; and other
requirements in the SOW. Proposals will be evaluated on overall quality of content and responsiveness to the
purpose and specifications of this RFP, including the information set forth in Section 6.5below.
6.2 Proposal Process
Each eligible institution will be limited to TEN specific proposal submittals. One representative of the
eligible institutions will be responsible for submitting all of theproposals.
The proposal must not exceed 6 pages not including the appendices. The proposal shall be in I I point
font, 1.5 spaced and one inch margins. The original and one electronic copy of the proposal (PDF -
Form) must be provided to Avista's point of contact listed herein.
6.3 Proposal Submittals The following items are required with Bidder's Proposal. Each proposal
shall contain the following project elements.
1. Name of Idaho public institution;
2. Name of principal investigator directing theproject;
3. Project objective and total amount requested (A general narrative summarizing the approach
to be utilized to provide the required services);
4. Resource commitments, (number of individuals and possible hours forservices);
5. Specific project plan (An outline of work procedures, technical comments, clarifications
and any additional information deemed necessary to perform the services);
6. Potential market path;
7. Criteria for measuring success;
8. Budget Price Sheet / Rate Schedule;
9. Proposal Exceptions to this RFP (if any);
10. Appendix A - Proposal Cover Sheet (last 2 pages of this document)
11. Appendix C: Facilities andEquipment
12. Appendix D: Biographical Sketches and Experience of the principle investigators and /or
primary research personnel for each project (ifdifferent individuals for each project
submitted)
RFP No. R-40239 Page 5 of9
Avista Corporation
East l4l I Mission Ave
Spokane, WA99202 ^#rutsrfr
6.5.3
RFP No. R-40239
6.4 Proposal Cover Sheet
Bidder must fill out, sign and date the attached Proposal Cover Sheet. The signatory must be a person
authorized to legally bind Bidder's company to a contractual relationship (e.g. an officer of the
company).
6.5 Institutionlnformation
o Institution Oualifications
Bidder shall provide information on projects of similar size and scope that Bidder has
undertaken and completed within the last five years. Please include a list of references on
Appendix A that could be contacted to discuss Bidders involvement in these projects.
Institution Resources
Identiff any unique or special equipment, intellect, hardware, and software or personnel
resources relevant to the proposed Services that Bidder's firm possesses(list in Appendix D).
o ProjectPersonnelOuali/ications
Provide aproposed organization chart or staffing list for aproject of this size and scope and
identiff the personnel who will fill these positions. If applicable, identiff project managers who
will be overseeing the Services and submit their resume identifying their work history, (please
see Section 6.2, question #4).
o Approach to Subcontracting
If Bidder's approach to performing the Services will require the use of subcontractors, include
for each subcontractor: (a) a description oftheir areas ofresponsibility, (b) identification ofthe
assigned subcontractor personnel, (c) resumes of key subcontractor personnel, (d) a summary
of the experience and qualifications of the proposed subcontracting firms in work similar to
that proposed, and (e) a list ofreferences for suchwork.
6.6 Evaluation Criteria
Avista will evaluate each proposal based upon the following criteria:6.5.1 Project Requirementso Strength ofProposal
o Responsiveness to the RFP
o Creativity in Leveraging Resources
. Samples of Work Products
o Overall Proposal (Complete, Clear, Professional)
6.5.2 Strength & Cohesiveness of the Project Team
Overall ability to manage the project
Technical ability to execute the Services
Research/analysis ability
Project milestones with clear stage and gates (annually)
Overall team cohesiveness
Qualifications and Experience
Experience working with elechic utilities
Proj ect management and multi-disciplined approaches
Experience working with organizations in a team atmosphere
Page 6 of9
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
o
Avista Corporation
East 14l I Mission Ave
Spokane, WA99202 ^{,0:gtSTA
7.I RESERVATION OF AVISTARIGHTS:
Avista may, in its sole discretion, exercise one or more of the following rights and options with respect
to this RFP:
. Modiff, extend, or cancel this RFP at any time to obtain additional proposals or for any other reason
Avista determines to be in its best interest;
o Issue a new RFP with terms and conditions that are the same, similar or substantially different as
those set forth in this or a previous RFP in order to obtain additional proposals or for any other reason
Avista determines to be in its best interest;
o Waive any defect or deficiency in any proposal, if in Avista's sole judgment, the defect or deficiency
is not material in response to this RFP;
o Evaluate and reject proposals atany time, for any reason including without limitation, whether or not
Bidder's proposal contains Requested Exceptions to Contract Terms;
o Negotiate with one or more Bidders regarding price, or any other term of Bidders' proposals, and
such other contractual terms as Avista may require , at any time prior to execution of a final contract,
whether or not a notice of intent to contract has been issued to any Bidder and without reissuing this
RFP;
o Discontinue negotiations with any Bidder at any time prior to execution of a final contract, whether
or not a notice of intent to contract has been issued to Bidder, and to enter into negotiations with any
other Bidder, if Avista, in its sole discretion, determines it is in Avista's best interest to doso;
o Rescind, at any time prior to the execution of a final contract, any notice of intent to contract issued
to Bidder.
[END OF' REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS]
RFP No. R-40239 Page 7 of9
Avista Corporation
East 141I Mission Ave.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#vrsrr
APPENDIX A - Proposal Cover Sheet
Bidder Information
Organization Name:
Organization Form:
(sole proprietorship, p.rt**htp, L-tt.d Lt"bttt@
Primary Contact Person: Title
Address
Citv. State. Zip:
Telephone: Fax ederal Tax ID#
E-mail Address:
Name and title of the person(s) authorizedto represent Bidder in any negotiations and sign any contract that
may result ("Authorized Representative") :
Name Title:
If classified as a contractor, provide contractor registration/license number applicable to the state in which
Services are to be performed.
Provide at least three references with telephone numbers (please verify numbers) that Avista may contact
to veriff the quality of Bidder's previous work in the proposed area ofWork.
REFERENCENo. l:
Organization Name:Telephone:_
Contact Person:
Project Title:Email:
REFERENCE No. 2:
Orsanization Name:
Contact Person:Fax:
Proiect Title:Email:
REFERENCENo.3:
Oreanization Name:
Contact Person:Fax:
Proiect Title:Email:
RFP No. R-40239 Page 8 of9
Avista Corporation East
14ll MissionAve.
Spokane, WA99202 ^#grsrfr
By signing this page and submitting a Proposal, the Authorized Representative certifies that the following
statements are true:
l. They are authorized to bind Bidder's organization.
2. No attempt has been made or will be made by Bidder to induce any other person or orgutization to submit
or not submit a Proposal.
3. Bidder does not discriminate in its employment practices with regard to race, creed, age, religious
affiliation, sex, disability, sexual orientation or national origin.
4. Bidder has not discriminated and will not discriminate against any minority, women or emerging small
business enterprise in obtaining any subcontracts, ifrequired.
5. Bidder will enter into a contract with Avista and understands that the final Agreement and General
Conditions applicable to the Scope of Work under this RFP will be sent for signature under separate cover.
6. The statements contained in this Proposal are true and complete to the best of the Authorized
Representative' s knowledge.
7. If awarded a contract under this RFP, Bidder:
(i) Accepts the obligationto comply with all applicable state and federal requirements, policies, standards
and regulations including appropriate invoicing of state and local sales/use taxes (if any) as separate line
items;
(iD Acknowledges its responsibility for transmittal of such sales tax payments to the taxingauthority;
(iii) Agrees to provide at least the minimum liability insurance coverage specified in Avista's attached
sample Agreement, if awarded a contract under this RFP.
8. If there are any exceptions to Avista's RFP requirements or the conditions set forth in any of the RFP
documents, such exceptions have been described in detail in Bidder's Proposal.
9. Bidder has read the "Confidentiality Notice" set forth on the second page of these "INSTRUCTIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS" and agrees to be bound by the terms ofsame.
Sigrature: Date:
,.{,* THIS PAGE MUST BE THE TOP PAGE OF BIDDER'S PROPOSAL{<{<*
APPENDIX G
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO AGREEMENTS
,lvista Corp.
Erst l4ll tvlission Avc
Spokanc, WA 99202
liiwrsrfr
Amendment No.3 Contract No. R-39872
betrveen
Avista Corporation ("Sponsor")
and
Univcrsity of I daho ("Universit1,")
This Arnendnlent to the Sponsored Research and Developmcnt Mastcr Sen,ices Agrcenrenl identilled b1, thc'abovc
Sponsor Contract Nunrber, betrveen Sponsor and University rvill be effcctivc rvhen signed b1, both Parties. In caclr
instance in rvhich the provisions of this Amendtnenl contradict or ilre inconsistcrtt rvith thc provisions ol' the
Agreemc'nt. the provisions of this Arncndnrent rvill goi,ern, and the contradicted. supersedcd or inconsistcnt
provisions rvill be amerrded accorclingly.
Thc Agreement is amendetl as follorvs:
l. In paragraph 4.1 add "Scopc of Work" al\er Attttchnrcnl A-lludgel (Q,. Also in paragraph -1.1, cleletc tlrc
rvording Scope of Work at\er Attachtnenl B - and replace rvith "tlillirrg and lnvoicing".
2. Delete paragraph 5.2 in its entirely and replace rvith the lollorving paragraph: SPONSOII agrces to re irn-
burse UNIVERSIl'Y for services perforn:ed under tltis Agreenterrt on n cost basis ir: accordance rvitlr c:rclt
Prcrject Budget (as describcd in Section 5.3 belorv), irrcludirrg any not to cxceecl anrounts. Any unspcnt
funding remaining upon SPONSOII's acceplance of UNIVERSI'l'Y's [:inal 'l'eclrnical Report under Sectiorr
4.3.3. abovc, arrd its ['inal Financial Report under Section 4.3.4, above. tlre cxpiration or term ol'tlrc
Agreement shall bc rclurncd to SPONSOR. UNIVERSITY rvill provide an Itemization ol'Expcrrse lleport
and Payroll Report rvith each invoice.
3. ln paragroph 5.3 add, "and Scope of Work" atler tlte v'ord. lludgtrt.
4, Delete paragraph 5.4 and replace rvith the flollowing:
Narnc'/Title: Reuben Arts Phonc : 509-495-278
Addrcss: 14l I E. Mission Avc. MSC 48
E-rnail reuberr com
Cir1,/State/Zip:Sookanc- WA 992?0
Except as set forth in this Arrendment, all other lerms of the Agrccnrent remain in cffect.
Avista Cornoration Universitv of ldllro
, /Anna$ \,.//*.,.-,
llt r { irt ( hc',+ A tr,lti (Signature)
Dcborah N. €havtn
(Printcd Najne) i[.iti \c,((Printed Nanre )
(Title)(Title)q- iff- l, (.^t /s
(Date)ya l/,t //t
6rurfttlts
Page I of I
(Dare)
Avislr Corp
Esst 14l I Mission Avc.
Spokanc, WA 99202
AiFvrcrlr
Amendment No. 2 to Avista Contract No. R-398726
between
Avista Corporation ("Sponsor")
and
University of ldabo ("University")
This Amendment to the Sponsored Researsh and Development Master Services Agrecmcnl identified by
the above Sponsor Contract Number, between Sponsor and Universiry will be effective when sigrred by
both Parties. [n each instance in which thc provisions of this Amendment contradict or are inconsistent
with tlre provisions of the Agreement, the provisions of this Amendment rvill govcrn, and the
contradicted, superseded or inconsistent provisions rvill be amended accordingly.
Tbe Agreemeut is ameuded as follows:
l. The Parties agr€e to extend t}te period of performance to August 31, 2015 for all Scopes of Work
under Agreement R-398728.
2, Under the Scope of Work titled, Sinuloted Based Commissioning of Energt Monagement Conrrol
Slstems, rcmove Dr, Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg and name Brad Acker as Principle lnvestiga-
tor,
Except as set fortb io this Ameudruent, all other terms of the Agreemeu( remaio io effect.
Universitv of Idaho
e-J-
l>
$.?{'
-){
N
IL-P,5iwU
(Titlc)t.-,,- , ,1{ 7t) >4 /\frru"rtf ,, IA.
tDat") -)(Date),pO tl,.l,5
r€
Pagc I of I
Avista Corp.
East l4l I Mission Ave.
Spokirnc, WA 99202
AFvtsrn
Amendment No. 01 to Avista Contract No. R-39872
between
Avista Corporation ("Sponsor")
and
University of ldaho ("University')
This Arnendment to the Sponsored Research and Development Master Services Agreernent identified by
the above Avista Contract Number, betrveen Sponsor and University rvill be effective rvhen signed by
both Parties. [n each instance in rvhich the provisions of tlris Anrendnrent contradict or are inconsistent
rvith the provisions of the Agreement, the provisions of this Arnendment will govern, and the
contradicted, superseded or inconsistent provisions rvill be amended accordingly.
The Agreement is amendecl as follorvs:
l. Section 5.2 is deleted in its entirety and replaced rvith the follorving:
Funding. SPONSOR agrees to reimburse UNIVERSITY for services perfonned under this
Agreement on a time and materials basis in accordance rvith each Project Budget (as described in
Section 5.3 belorv), including any not to exceed arrounts. Any unspent funding remaining upon
SPONSOR'S acceptance of UNIVERSITY's Final Technical Report under Section 4.3.3, above,
arrd its Final Financial Report under Section 4.3.4, above. the expiration or ternr of the Agreement
shall be retumed to SPONSOR.
2. Section 5.4 is deleted in its entirety and replaced rvith tlre following:
Invoices. UNMRSITY rvill send invoices on a rnonthly basis and payments are due to
UNMRSI'I-Y rvithin thirty (30) days from the UNIVERSITY invoice date.
Invoices should be scnt to:
Name/Title John Cibson Phone:
E-mail
509-495-41 t5
Address:l4l I E. Mission Ave.iohn.eibson(Aav orn com
Citylstate/Zip: Spokane. WA 99220
Except as set forth in this Amendmcnt, all other terms of the Agreement remain in effect.
Avista Corooration University of Idaho
(Signature)
hr chlbo,.I S A *lo"n".
'THUilPt+f,eA)
ted Name)
(Title) ,-z/" o I lS (Title)
(Datc)(Date)
Svt zlnl;,5
u ln/*,t5
Pagc I of I
SPONSOR.ED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MASTER SERVICES AGREEMENT
R-39872
I. PARTIES
r.l THIS AGREEMENT is made and entered into by and betrveen The Regents of the
UNIVERSfI-Y of Idaho (UNIVERSITY), a public corporation, state educational
institution, and a body politic and corporate organized and existing under the Constitution
and laws of the state of ldaho, and Avista Corporation, a Washington corporatir:n
(SPONSOR) on July I5, 2014 (Effective Date). In this Agreement, the above entities are
sometimes referred to as a PARTY and jointly referred to as PARTIES.
II. PURPOSE
2.1 This agreement provides the terms and conditions for an Avista-sponsored energy
efficiency applied research and development project rvhich is of mutual interest and benefit
to UNIVERSITY and SPONSOR, and which has been approved by the ldaho Public
Utilities Commission under Order 3291 8.
2.2 The performance of such sponsored research and development project is consistent with
UNIVERSITY's status as a non-profit, tax-exempt, educational institution, and may derive
benefits for SPONSOR, UNIVERSITY, and society by the advancement of knowledge in
the field of study identified. The performance of such sponsored research and developnrent
projects may also derive benefits for SPONSOR through the development of energy
efficiency products and/or services that could be offered to Avista customers in Idaho and
other jurisdictions and/or licensed or sold to other utilities or their customers by Avista.
2.3 UNTVERSITY's capabilities reflect a substantial public investment, which LINIVERSITY,
as a part of its mission as a state higher education institution, wishes to utilize in a
cooperative and collaborative effort with SPONSOR, including substantial financial
investment in sponsored research and development projects, as described below.
IU. DEFINITIONS
3.r "Budget" shall nrean the Project Budget contained in Attachment A-Budget, rvhich is
hereby incorporated by reference.
3.2 "Project Director(s)" shall be as described in each Scope of Work, rvho shall be the
principal investigator for the R&D Project.
3.3 "SPONSOR Liaison" shall be as described in each Scope of Work, a SPONSOR
representative designated by SPONSOR to be the prirnary contact with the Project
Director.
3.4 "Sponsored R&D Project" shall mean the Avista-sponsored research and development
project covered by this Agreement for the performance by UNIVERSITY of the SCOPE
OF WORK under the direction of the Project Director,
Avista R-39872
3.5 "SCOPE OF WORK" shall mean each scope of work lor the Sponsored R&D Project,
under the direction of the Project Director, and any other attachments which may provide
additional information on the Sponsored project to be performed.
3.6 "Confidential Information" shall mean any information, experience or data regarding a
disclosing PARTY's plans, programs, plants, processes, products, costs, equipment
operations or customers, including without limitation algorithms, fornrulae, techniques,
improvements, technical drawings and data, and computer software, rvhether in rvritten,
graphic, oral or other tangible form, considered confidential by the disclosing PARTY and
protected by trade secret or other right of non-disclosure under the Idaho Public Records
Act, LC. $$ 9-337 through 9-350.
3.7 "lntellectual Property" shall mean any lnvention, Copyright, Trademark, Mask Work,
and/or Proprietary Information produced under the Scope of Work.
3.8 "lnvention" shall mean certain inventions and/or discoveries conceived and reduced to
practice during the period of perfornrance of the Sponsored R&D Project and through
perlormance of the Scope of Work, and resulting patents, divisionals, continuations, or
substitutions of such applications, all reissues and foreign counterparts thereof, upon which
a TINIVERSITY or SPONSOR employee or agent is or may be a named inventor.
3.9 "Invention Disclosure(s)" shall mean a written disclosure of a potentially patentable
Invention(s) provided to SPONSOR and the UNIVERSITY's Technology Transfer Office,
3. r0 "Copyright" shall mean any rvork developed under the Scope of Work that is subject to
copyright under copyright larv rvhether or not registered under federal copyright law, and
including any and all moral rights thereto.
3.t l "Trademark" shall mean any trade or service marks developed under the Scope of Work
whether or not registered under either state or federal trademark larv, and including all
related goodwill.
3.12 "Mask Work" shall mean any two or three dimensional layout or topology of an integrated
circuit developed in the Sponsored R&l) Project under the Scope of Work.
IV. SCOPE OF WORK
4.1 UNMRSITY shall furnish the labor, materials, and equipment necessary to
provide the Services applicable under this Agreement in accordance with written
Scopes of Work, mutually agreed to by the Parties. Such Scopes of Work will be
incorporated into this Agreement by this reference when executed by both Parties,
a sample of which is included in this Agreement as Attachntent A-Budget,
Attachntent B-Scope of lYork.
4.2 Modifications to a Scope of Work requested by Avista will be performed in
accordance rvith a written Change Order, mutually agreed to by the Parties.
Change Orders will be incorporated into this Agreement by this ref'erence upon
execution by both Parties.
4.3 UNIVERSITY agrees to use its reasonable efforts to perfornt the SCOPE OF WORK in
accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement' LINTVERSITY does not
2
Avista R-39872
represent, warrant, or guarantee that the desired results will be obtained under this
Agreement.
4.3 Kick Off Meeting/Reporting Requirements.
4.3.l Kick-off Meeting. Within thirry (30) days of executing this Agreement and/or an
associated Scope of Work, the UNIVERSITY will attend (either in person or
telephonically) a kick-off meeting with the SPONSOR.
4.3.2 Progress Reports. LTNIVERSI'IY shall provide a two page written report on the
progress of the SCOPE OF WORK every six (6) months following the execution
of such SCOPE OF WORK.
4.3.3 Final Technical Report. UNIVERSITY shall furnish a final written report within
thirry (30) days of completion of the Period of Performance as defined in Section
5.1 . 'fhis report will include at a minirnurn: a summary of project
accomplishments, a summary of budget expenditures, stage and gates status,
numbe r of faculty utilized, student participation, and a status of the project and
completion timelines. SPONSOR and UNIVERSI'fY will identi[ whether such
the report will be presented in person or electronically in each SCOPE OF
WORK.
4.3.4 Final Financial Report. A final financial report shall be furnished within sixty
(60) days of completion of the Period of Performance as defined in Section 5.1
1.4 'third Party Project Manager. SPONSOR will retain an independent third party to assist
SPONSOR with monitoring milestones and deliverables for each Scope of Work.
UNTVERSITY agrees to cooperate with such third party and provide any requested
information in a timely manner.
V. GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
In consideration of the mutual premises and covenants contained herein, the PARTIES agree to the
following terms and conditions.
5.1 PeriodofPerformance. Thespecificperiodofperformanceforeachprojectwillbedefined
in each SCOPE OF WORK, and any changes will be mutually agreed upon in writing
between the PARTIES in accordance with the Change Order process set forth in Section
4.2.
5.2 Fundins. SPONSOR agrees to reimburse UNIVERSITY lbr services performed under in
accordance rvith the payment schedule listed in each SCOPE OF WORK.
Any unspent funding remaining upon SPONSOR's acceptance of UNIVERSI'fY's
Final Technical Report under Section 4.3.3, above, and its Final Financial Report
under Section 4.3.4, above, the expiration or term of the Agreement shall be
rerurned to sPoNSoR.
5.3 Project Budget. Each SCOPE OF WORK will set forth a Project Budget (see Attachment
A-Budget). Deviations from this Project Budget may be made to and from any expenditure
line item within the UNIVERSITY system, as long as such deviation is reasonable and
necessary in the pursuit of the SCOPE OF WORK and pre-approved by SPONSOR. 'the
Avista R-39872
3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
total amount identified in each SCOPE OF WORK may not be exceeded rvithout prior
written agreement through a Change Order.
InvoicqE. Periodic invoices rvill be provided, in accordance with 5.2 using the standard
UNIVERSITY invoice. Payments are due to UNIVERSITY rvithin thirry (30) days from
the UNIVERSITY invoice date,
Invoices should be sent to:
Name/Title: John Gibson Phone: [phone] I 5
E-mail: [e-mail]: l4l I E. Mission Ave.
CitylStatelZip Sookane. WA 99220
Equipment. UNIVERSITY shall retain title to any equipment purchased rvith funds
provided by SPONSOR under this Agreement.
Key Personnel. The Project Director may select and supervise other Sponsored R&D
Project staff as needed to perform the SCOPE OF WORK. No other person rvill be
substituted for the Project Director, except with SPONSOR's approval. SPONSOR may
exercise Termination for Convenience provisions of this Agreement if a satisfactory
substitute is not identified.
Control of Scope of Work. The control of the SCOPE OF WORK rests entirely with
SPONSOR, but control of the performance of the UNIVERSITY and the Sponsored R&D
Project staff in executing the SCOPE OF WORK rvithin the Sponsored R&D Project shall
rest entirely with UNIVERSITY. The PARTIES agree that UNIVERSITY, through its
Project Director, shall maintain regular communication with the designated liaison for
SPONSOR and the UNIVERSfIY's Project Director and SPONSOR's Liaison shall
mutually define the frequency and nature of such communications.
Confi dential Information.
To the extent allowed by law, and subject to the publication provisions set forth in
Section 5.9 below, UNIVERSITY and SPONSOR agree to use reasonable care to avoid
unauthorized disclosure of Confidential Information, including without timitation taking
measures to prevent creating a premature bar to a United States or foreign patent
application. Each party rvill limit access to and any publication or disclosure of
Confidential Information received from another parry hereto and/or created and reduced
to practice as a part of the Sponsored R&D Project, to those persons having a need to
knorv. Each party shall employ the same reasonable safeguards in receiving, storing,
transmilting, and using Confidential Information that prudent organizations normally
exercise with respect to their orvn potentially patentable inventions and other confidential
information of significant value.
Any Confidential Information shall be in written, graphic, or other tangible form
or reduced to such form rvithin thirry (30) days of disclosure and shall be clearly
identified in rvriting as confidentialat the time of or rvithin thirty (30) days of
disclosure. Confidential Information shall not be disclosed by the rece iving party
to a third parry for a period of three (3) years from receipt of such infonnation or
until a patent is published or the Confidential Information of a Party is published
by the disclosing parry or unless the disclosing and receiving parties agree in
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
4
Avista R-39872
5.8.3
5.8.4
5.9
writing prior to the time of disclosure to be bound by confidentiality provisions
substantially similar to those set forth in this Agreement. Third parties shall
include all govemmental offices. Notrvithstanding the above, any Intellectual
Properry arising out of, created or reduced to practice as a part ofthe Sponsored
R&D Project shall be subject to the requirements set forth belorv in Section 5.9
'lhe terms of confidentiality set forth in this Agreement shallnot be
construed to limit the parties' right to independently develop products
without the use of another party's Confidential Information.
Confidential Information shall not include information which:
i. was in the receiving party's possession prior to receipt of the disclosed information;
ii. is or becomes a matter of public knorvledge through no fault of the receiving party;
iii. is received from a third party without a duty of confidentiality;
iv. is independently developed by the receiving party;
v. is required to be disclosed under operation of law, including but not limited to the ldaho
Public Records Act, LC. $$ 9-337 through 9-350;
vi. is reasonably ascertained by LNTVERSITY or SPONSOR to create a risk to a person
involved in a clinical trial or to general public health and safety.
Publication. SPONSOR and LTNMRSITY acknowledge the need to balance
SPONSOR's need to protect commercially feasible technologies, products, and processes,
including the preservation of the patentability of Inventions arising out of, created in or
reduced to practice as a part of the Sponsored R&D Project that fall within the SCOPE OF
WORK, with UNIVERSITY's public responsibility to freely disseminate scientific
findings for the advancement of knowledge, UNIVERSITY recognizes that the public
dissemination of information based upon the SCOPE OF WORK performed under this
Agreement cannot contain Confidential Information (unless authorized for disclosure per
subsection 5.8.2 above), nor should it jeopardize SPONSOR or UNIVERSITY's ability to
commercialize lntellectual Property developed hereunder. Similarly, SPONSOR
recognizes that the scientific results of the Sponsored R&D Project may be publishable
after SPONSOR's interests and patent rights are protected and, subject to the confidentialily
provisions of this Agreement, may be presentable in forums such as symposia or
intemalional, national or regional professional meetings, or published in vehicles such as
books, joumals, websites, theses, or dissertations.
UNIVERSITY agrees not to publish or otherwise disclose SPONSOR Confidential
Information, unless authorized in writing by SPONSOR. SPONSOR agrees that
UNTVERSITY, subject to review by SPONSOR, shall have the right to publish results of
the Sponsored R&D Project, excluding SPONSOR Confidential Information that is not
authorized in writing to be disclosed by SPONSOR. SPONSOR shall be fumished copies
of any proposed publication or presentation at least thirty (30) days before submission of
such proposed publication or presentation. During that time, SPONSOR shall have the
right to review the material for SPONSOR Confidential Information and to assess the
patentability of any Invention described in the material. If SPONSOR decides that a patent
application for an lnvention should be filed or other Intellectual Property filing should be
pursued, the publication or presentation shall be delayed an additional sixty (50) days or
untit a patent application or other application for protection of Intellectual Prope rty is filed,
whichever is sooner. At SPONSOR's request, SPONSOR Confidential lnformation shall
be deleted to the extent permissible by and in compliance with UNfVERSffY's record
5
Avista R-39872
6
retention obligations, provided, however that during such retention periods, TNIVERSITY
shall maintain the SPONSOR Confidential lnformation in accordance with Section 5.8.
5. l0 Publicitv. Neither party shall use the name of the other parfy, nor any member of the other
party's employees. nor either party's Trademarks in any publicity, advertising, sales
promotion, news release, nor other publicity matter without the prior written approval of
an authorized representative ofthat party.
5.1I Termination for Convenience. This Agreement or any individual Scope of Work may be
terminated by either parry hereto upon written notice delivered to the other party at least
sixty (60) days prior to the date of termination. By such termination, neither party may
nulliff obligations already incuned prior to the date of termination. Upon receipt of any
such notice of termination, IINIVERSITY shall, except as otherwise directed by
SPONSOR, immediately stop performance of the Services or Work to the extent
specified in such notice. SPONSOR shall pay all reasonable costs and non-cancelable
obligations incurred by UNIVERSITY as of the date of termination. IINIVERSITY shall
use its reasonable efforts to minimize the compensation payable under this Agreement in
the event of such termination.
5.12 Tennination for Cause. Either Party may terminate this Agreement or an individual
Scope of Work at any time upon 30 days' prior written notice in the event of a material
breach by the other Parry, provided the breaching Party has not cured such breach during
such 3O-day period, A material breach includes, without limitation, insolvency,
bankruptcy, general assignment for the benefit of creditors, or becoming the subject of
any proceeding commenced under any statute or larv for the relief of debtors, or if a
receiver, trustee or liquidator of any property or income of either Party is appointed, or if
LNIVERSIry is not performing the Services in accordance with this Agreement or an
individual Scope of Work.
5.r3 Termirlation Obligations. In addition to those obligations set out in 5.ll and 5.12, any
termination of this Agreement or an individual Scope of Work shall not relieve either party
of any obligations incurred priortothe date of termination including, but not limited to,
SPONSOR's responsibility to pay LINIVERSITY for all work performed through the date
of termination, calculated on a pro-rata basis given the percentage of completion of the
Sponsored R&D Project on the effective date of the termination, and for reimbursement to
LTNIVERSITY of all non-cancelable commitments already incurred for the terminated
Sponsored R&D Project. Upon temrination, LTNIVERSITY shall promptly deliver to
SPONSOR allSponsored R&D Project deliverables, whethercomplete or still in progress.
and all SPONSOR Confidential Information disclosed to UNIVERSITY in connection
rvith the Sponsored R&D Project. Additionally, in the event Intellectual Property was
created as a result of the Sponsored R&D Project, SPONSORS' rights to negotiate a license
to such Intellectual Property shall apply pursuantto Section 5.16 below, and the parties'
agree to execute any documents evidencing joint ownership, if applicable. The rights and
obligations of Article 5.8 of this Agreement shallsurvive termination.
5.14 Dispute Resolution. Any and all claims, disputes or controversies arising under, out of, or
in connection rvith this Agreement, rvhich the parties hereto shall be unable to resolve
within sixty (60) days, shall be mediated in good faith by the parties respective Vice
Presidents for Research or equivalent.
Avista R-39872
7
Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to limit the PARTIES' choice of a mutually
acceptable dispute resolution method in addition to the dispute resolution procedure
outlined above, or to limit the PARTIES rights to any remedy at law or in equity for breach
of the terrns of this Agreement and the right to receive reasonable attomey's fees and costs
incurred in enforcing the terms of this Agreement.
5.15 Disclaimer. UNTVERSITY MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY AS TO
THE CONDITIONS OF THE SCOPE OF WORK, SPONSORED PROJECT OR ANY
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, GENERATED INFORMATION, OR PRODUCT
MADE OR DEVELOPED LNDER THIS AGREEMENT, OR THE
MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OF THE
SPONSORED PROJECT, SCOPE OF WORK, OR RESULTING PRODUCT.
5.16 Intellectual Prope0"
5.16.! LNwERSITY IntellectualProperry. UNIVERSITY shallown allrights and title
to Intellectual Property created solely by LNIVERSITY employees.
5.16.2 SPONSOR Intellectual Properfy. SPONSOR shall own all rights and title to
Intellectual Property created solely by SPONSOR and without use of
UNIVERSITY resources under this Agreement.
5.16.3 JOINT lntellectual Property. UNIVERSITY and SPONSOR willjointly own any
and all Intellectual Property developed jointly (e.g., to the extent the parties would
be considered joint inventors and/or joint copyright holders, as applicable, under
relevant U.S. intellectual properry laws) under this Agreement.
5.16.4 Either party may lrle for and maintain Intellectual Property protections for Joint
Intellectual Properry developed under this Agreement. In the event that a party
wants to obtain or maintain any Intellectual Properry protections concerning Joint
Intellectual Property, the other parry agrees to execute any documentation
reasonably requested.
5.16.5 Joint lntellectual Property shall be owned equally by the pa(ies. Except as
provided below, the parties agree: (i) to share equally all expenses incurred in
obtaining and maintaining Intellectual Properfy protections on Joint Intellectual
Property, and (ii) that each parry shall have the right to license such Joint
Inventions to third parties (with the right to sublicense) rvithout accounting to the
other and without the consent ofthe other, In the event that consent by eachjoint
owner is necessary for either joint ovr'ner to license the Joint Intellectual Property,
the parties hereby consent to the other party's grant of one or more licenses under
the Joint Intellectual Property to third parties and shall execute any document or
do any other act reasonably requested to evidence such consent.
5.16.7 Notwithstanding the foregoing, a parly may decide at any time that it does not want
to financially support Intellectual Property protections for certain Joint Intellectual
Properly (a "Non-suoportine Parff"). In that case, the other parry is free to seek
and obtain such Intellectual Properry protections at its own expense (a
"supporting Partv"), provided that title to any such Intellectual Properry
protections shall still be heldjointly by the parties.
Avista R-39872
8
5.16.8 UNIVERSITY will promptly disclose to SPONSOR in writing any Intellectual
Property made during the Project performed hereunder. Such disclosure shall be
sufficienlly detailed tbr SPONSOR to assess the commercial viability of the
technology and shall be provided and maintained by SPONSOR in confidence
pursuant to the terms of Article 5.8. SPONSOR shall have up to ninety (90) days
from the receipt of the disclosure to inform UNIVERSITY whether it elects to have
UNMRSITY file a patent application or otherwise seek Intellectual Properq,
protection pursuant to the procedures set forth below.
s. r 6.9 AII rights and title to UNIVERSITY Intellectual Properry shall be subject to
SPONSOR's licensing options below and belong to UNMRSITY.
UNIVERSITY hereby grants to SPONSOR an option to negotiate a license to any
Intellectual Property in which SPONSOR rvishes to pursue, which license shall be
in a form substantially the same as set fo(h in Aftachment C. Such license shall
be exclusive within SPONSOR's field of commercial interest, unless othenvise
agreed upon by the parties. In addition, SPONSOR shall have, for any exclusive
license in Intellectual Property executed by the Parties, the right to sublicense the
Intellectual Property, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties. The terms and
conditions of such license including royalties, territory and field of use are to be
negotiated in good faith and agreed upon between LINIVERSITY and SPONSOR.
SPONSOR's option to license any Intellectual Property shall, for each Invention
or other Intellectual Properfy disclosed by UNIVERSITY to SPONSOR, under
Section 5.16.8, extend for ninety (90) days after such disclosure. SPONSOR shall
have upon exercise of its option to license, ninety (90) days to negotiate the terms
of the license, which period can be extended by mutual written agreement of the
Parties. In the event that SPONSOR does not exercise its option as to any disclosed
Invention or Intellectual Property, consistent with specified time period set forth
above, or the parties fail to reach a mutually acceptable license agreement within
the above specified time period, LINMRSITY shall be entitled to negotiate in
good faith with one or more third parties a license to the Intellectual Property.
5.16.10 INIVERSITY, after due consultation with SPONSOR, shall promptly file and
prosecute patent applications, using counsel of IINIVERSITY's choice, Because
L|NIVERSITY and SPONSOR have a common legal interest in the prosecution of
such applications, LTNNERSITY shall keep SPONSOR advised as to all
developments with respect to application(s) and shall promptly supply copies of
all papers received and filed in connection with the prosecution in sufficient time
for SPONSOR to comment. SPONSOR understands and agrees that such
exchange of information may include privileged information and that by such an
exchange in furtherance of the common interests of the parties, the IINIVERSIry
does not intend to waive the attorney/client privilege, attorney work product
immunity, common interest privilege, and/or any other applicable privilege,
protection, or immunity. SPONSOR's commenls shall be taken into consideration.
SPONSOR shall reimburse UNIVERSITY for all reasonable out-of-pocket costs
incurred in connection with such preparation, filing, and prosecution of patent(s).
SPONSOR shall not be responsible for any fees under this Section if SPONSOR
elects not to exercise its option under Section 5.16.9 other than fees incurred by
the UNIVERSITY acting in consultation with SPONSOR.
5.16.1I Within nine (9) months of the filing dale of a U.S. patent application, SPONSOR
shall provide to IINIVERSITY a written list of foreign countries in rvhich
Avista R-39872
9
applications should be filed. If SPONSOR elects to discontinue financial support
of any patent prosecution, in any country, LJNryERSIry shall be free to
continue prosecution at LINIVERSITY's expense. In such event, UNMRSITY
shall have no further obligation to SPONSOR in regard to such patent
applications or patents.
5.16.12 LINIVERSITY, subject to its Copyright policy, hereby grants to SPONSOR a
royalty-free license to use Copyright material to which I-INMRSITY holds the
copyright, with the exception of copyrighted software, for its non-commercial
use. UNIVERSITY hereby grants to SPONSOR the right to negotiate a license
for commercial use of Copyrighted material to which LINIVERSITY holds the
copyright on reasonable terms and conditions, including a reasonable royalry, as
the PARTIES hereto agree in a subsequent writing.
5. 16.13 SPONSOR understands that UNIVERSITY must comply with the provisions of
US Patent law, including the Bayh-Dole Act.
5.16.14 No party shall invoke the CREATE ACT (Cooperative Research and Technology
Enhancement Act of 2004 and subsequent amendments and implementing
regulations) without written consent of the other party. In the event that a party
invokes the Act without such prior consent, any patent issued arising out of such
invocation will be owned by the non-invoking party.
5.17 Indemnity and Hold Harmless. SPONSOR shall fully indemni[ and hold harmless the
state of ldaho, LINMRSITY and its governing board, officers, employees, and agents
from and against any and all costs, losses, damages, liabilities, expenses, demands, and
judgments, including court costs and reasonable attorney's fees, which may arise out of
SPONSOR'S activities under or related to this Agreement and SPONSOR's negligent
conduct. Additionally, SPONSOR shall fully indemnify and hold harmless the state of
Idaho, UNMRSITY and its goveming board, officers, employees, and agents from and
against any and all costs, losses, damages, liabilities, expenses, demands, and judgments,
including court cosls and reasonable attorney's fees, which may arise out of SPONSOR's
use, comrnercialization, or distribution of infbrmation, materials or products which result
in whole or in part from the research performed pursuant to this Agreement, provided,
however, that SPONSOR shall not indemnify UNIVERSITY for any claims resulting
directly from UNIVERSITY's lack of ownership or infringement of a third-party's
i ntel lectual property ri ghts.
In the event that any such Loss is caused by the negligence ofboth Parties,
including their employees, agents, suppliers and subcontractors, the [,oss shall be bome
by the Parties in the proportion that their respective negligence bears to the total
negligence causing the Loss, provided, however, that any Loss borne by the University
shall be subject to the limits of liability specified in Idaho Code 6-901 through 6-929,
known as the ldaho Tort Claims Act.
5.18 Amendments. This Agreement may be amended by mutual agreement of the PARTIES.
Such amendments shall not be binding unless they are in writing and signed by personnel
authorized to bind each of the PARTIES.
Avista R-39872
5.19 Assignment. The work to be provided under this Agreement, and any claim arising
hereunder, is not assignable or delegable by either party in whole or in paft, without the
express prior written consent of the other party.
5.20 Notices. Any notice or communication required or permitted under this Agreement shall
be delivered in person, by overnight courier, or by registered or certified mail, postage
prepaid and addressed to the party to receive such notice at the address given below or such
other address as may hereafter be designated by notice in writing. Notice given hereunder
shall be effective as ofthe date ofreceipt ofsuch notice:
UNIVERSITY:
Name/Title: Polly Knutson
Address: 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 3020
City lstatelzip: Moscow, ID 83 843-3020
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail : pkn utson@u idaho.edu
SPONSOR:
Name/Title: John Gibson Mgr Dist Oprn. Phone: [phone]l5
Address: l4l I E. Mission Ave. E-mail: [e-mail]
CitylState/Zip: Spokane, WA 99220
5.21 Governing Law: Jurisdiction and Venue: Attorneys' Fees. This Agreement shall be
construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the state of ldaho, without regard
to its choice of Iaw provisions. Any legal proceeding instituted betrveen the parties shall
be in the courts of the County of Latah, State of ldaho, and each of the parties agrees to
submit to the jurisdiction of such courts. In the event any legal action is commenced to
construe, interpret or enforce this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to an
arvard against the non-prevailing party for all ofthe prevailing parfy's reasonable attorneys:
fees, costs and expenses incurred in such action, including any appeals.
5.22 Compliance with Laws. SPONSOR understands that UNIVERSITY and SPONSOR are
subject to United States laws and federal regulations, including the export of technical data,
computer software, laboratory prototypes and other commodities (including the Arms
Export Control Act, as amended, and the Export Administration Act of 1979), and that
SPONSOR's and UNIVERSITY's obligations hereunder are contingent upon compliance
with applicable United States laws and regulations, including those for export control. The
transfer of certain technical data and commodities may require a license from a cognizant
agency of the United States Govemment and/or a written assurance by SPONSOR that
SPONSOR shall not transfer data or commodities to certain foreign countries without prior
approval of an appropriate agency of the United States Government. LNMRSITY nor
SPONSOR represent that a license shall not be required, nor that, if required, it will be
issued.
5.23 Severability. If any provision of this Agreement or any provision of any document
incorporated by reference shall be held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other
provisions of this Agreement which can be given effect without the invalid provision, if
such remainder conforms to the requirements of applicable law and the fundarnental
purposc of this Agreement, and to this end the provisions of this Agreement are declared
to be severable.
l0
Avista R-39872
5.24 No Joint Venture. Nothing contained in this agreement shall be construed as creating a
joint venture, partnership, or agency relationship between the parties.
5.25 Force Majeure. Any prevention, delay or stoppage due to strikes, Iockouts, labor disputes,
acts of God, inability to obtain labor or materials or reasonable substitutes therefore"
governmental restrictions, governmental regulations, governmental controls, enemy or
hostile governmental action, civil commotion, fire or other casualty, and other causes
beyond the reasonable control of the parfy obligated to perform (except for financial
ability), shall excuse the performance, except for the payment of money, by such party for
a period equal to any such prevenlion, delay or stoppage.
5.27 Delegation and $ubcontracting. TINIVERSITY shall not (by contract, operation of law or
othenvise) delegate or subcontract performance of any Services to any other person or
entity without the prior written consent of SPONSOR. Any such delegation or
subcontracting without SPONSOR's prior rvritten consent rvill be voidable at
SPONSOR's option. No delegation or subcontracting of performance of any of the
Services, with or rvithout SPONSOR's prior written consent, will relieve UNTVERSITY
of its responsibility to perform the Services in accordance with this Agreement.
5.28 Entire Agreement: Order of Precedence. This Agreement contains all the terms and
conditions agreed upon by the PARTIES. No other understandings, oral or othenvise,
regarding the subject matter of this Agreement shall be deemed to exist or to bind any of
the PARTIES hereto. [n the event of an inconsistency in this Agreement, the inconsistency
shall be resolved by giving precedence in the following order:
Applicable statutes and regulations;
Terms and Conditions contained in the Agreement;
Any attachments or addendums; and
Any other provisions incorporated by reference or otherwise into this Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the PARTIES hereto have caused this Agreement to be executecl as of the
date set forth herein by their duly authorized representatives.
t.
2.
3.
4.
UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSII'Y OF IDAHO
By
Name:
Title:
Datc:
SPONSOR
AVISTA CORPORATION
By
Name:
Title:
Date:
*fr tltslu'l ,ttv 1-t5.tf
ll
Avista R-39872
ATTACHMENT A - BUDGET
T'NIYERSITY #
Salaries
Wages
Fringe Benefits .-.......fravel .........- .....--........
SupplieVServices .-....-..
Equipment -...-.
Other Direct Costs
Total Direct Costs
Indirect Costs ......_......_.-
L_%MTDC of$
TotalCosts
q
(
(
$(
(
$
$
$:
t2
Avista R-39872
ATTACHMENT B - SCOPE OF WORK
UNTVERSITY #
Description:
Project Overyiew;
Critical Project Dates:
Tasks or Deliverables:
Timelines:
Material & Equipment Required for the Work:
Performance Req uirements:
l3
Avista R-39872
APPENDIX D
BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY AGREEMENT
SP$N$O RED I{ESUARCH ANI} I} ttrYULOI'M ENT PROJNCT AC IT E BiI{ IIN'I'
I. PAR'TIEIi
l.l Tl'lls AOREEMEN'tr'is nradu ruld entercd intrr by and bslrvr.nen Boise Strte University" an
ldahn state institution oi ltigher education (UNIVHRSI'fY;. and Avista Corlroration. il
Vfashirrgton corporalion (SPONSOR). lrt this Agreernenl, the rtxrvc entitics ure
sometirnes relbrred to as $ Party *nd joinrly rol'errcd to r.r.s llarties.
II. PURPOSE
2.1 This Agreernenl provides the tenns at'td conditiorrs iar an Avista-sponsored ensr!ry
efficiency applied rssearch and development project rvhich is *t' mutual intcresl and
benefit t$ I"INIVEIISITY and SPONSOR. and rvhich has been approved by the ldaho
Public utilities Cornmission under Ordcr 12918.
2.2 Thc pertbnnnnce of such sponsored researc.h arrd devcloprnent projrlct is consistent rvitlr
tjNIVERSITY's status as a non-profit. tax-excmpl, cducational institution, arrcl rnay
clerir,* berefits for SP$N$OR, LINMRSITY. nnd socinry by the ailvunccment oi'
knowledge in the lield of study identified.'l'he perlbrrntrnce of srnlr sparrsorcd rescarclr
ancl development prqiecls tn$y also derive benefits for SPONSOR lhrough tlre
deve lopmenl of energy efficiency products and/or -service,t tltat corlld he oflbrecl [o Avisra
customers in ldaho and other jurisdictions qnd/or licensed or soltl to olher u{ilitics or tlrcir
cuslonrers by Avista.
3.i UNIVERSI"[Y's capabilities rel]r'ct a sulrstantial pulrlic investnlent. rvhiclr
UNIVIIRSfI'Y, as a part of its nrission &s a state higher educalion institution, wislres ro
utilizc in a cooperativc ard collaborotivi: effurt r+itlr SIiONSOtt. inclutlirrg substantial
flnsncial investment in spnnsored research and development projects, us describe.d belorv.
ITI. DE}'INITIONS
3.1 "lludget" shall nrr:an tlre Pr<1ioct Burlget conlainud ir"t:lllutthrnttt ,4-But[gct rvhich is
hereby incorporated blo reference.
"Project Dircctor(s)" shall bc irs descriired in each $copc of Work. rvho shall bu the
principal investigaror lbr ihe RetD Project.
3.3 "SI,ONSOR Liaison" shall be as described irr rach Scope ol' Work, a SPONSOR
repre-rerrlalivc designnted by SPONSOR 1o be the prirnary contacl rvith tlre Prcrjcct
Director.
3.4 "Sponsored R&D Project" shall rnean the Avista-sponsored researul'l artd developmcnl
projerrt covered b-v this Agreenrent lor the perfonuance br.. l.JNlVtiRSl'l"Y of rhe Scopc of
Work under lfie direction olthe Proisct Director.
":i.,i "Scop* of Work" shall rnean eaclt scopc ol rrork for the Sponsorctl R&D Project, undr:r
the direction ol" tlre Project Dircctor, find any other attachln{lnts tlr?rl nra.v proviclc
addilional infr:rmation on the Sponsored projcct to be perlbrntcd.
I
Avistr Conrrnct Ii,-40097
J.O "Confidential Informatiou" shall tnsan any informnlion, experience or data regarding a
disclosing Party's plans, prngrams, plants, processes, product"s, costs, equipment
operatiolrs or cuslonrers" including without limitation algorithrns, fomulac, teclrnielues.
improven:ents, technical drawings urd dato" and conrputur softrxare, rvhether in rvritten.
graphic, oral or other talrgible form. designated in rvriting as confiduntial hy the
disclosing Pnrty at the linrc of disclosuru to the rcceiving Pariy.
3.7 "lntellectual Prrtpcrlrv" shall mean any Invention" Copyright, Trndemark" l\4:rsk Work.
snd/or Proprietary Infornralicn produced under the Scope of Wor*.
J.O "lnvention" shall urean certain inventions and,/or discovEries concciverl and reduced to
practicr during the period of pedonnarlcc of the Sponsored R&D Projecr and through
perfonnance of the Scope ol' Work, and resulting paterfls" divisionals, continuations, or
substitutions of such applications, all rcissues and foreign counlerparts thrrer:f, upon
rvhich a UNIVERSITY or SPONSOR crnployce or irgen{ is or may, lrc a named invcnlor.
3"9 "lnvenlion l)isclosurc(sf' shall meon a lvritten disclosure of a potentiall.v patentable
Invention(s) provided to SPONSOR and/or thc tJNIVIIRSI'I'Y's Tcclrnolagy "lransl'er
Office.
3.t0 "Colryrightecl Ir4aterial" shall meanony work developed underthp Scopc olWork tlrat is
subjcct to copyrighl under copyright larv s,hether or not registcrred under l'edsral
copl'riglrt law* and including any and all rrroral rights thcreto.
3.rI "Trademark" shall mem any trade or service nrarls developed under the Scope ol'Work
whether or not registered under eitlrer stale or lederal lradernark lnrv. and ilcludirrg all
related goodrvill.
3.12 "Mask Work" shall mean &ny tlvo or three dimensional layout or lopologl ol' an
integratecl circuit developed in thc Sponsorctl R&D Proiect under llre Scopc ol'Work.
l.l3 "Equipnrent" shall mean tnngible personal prc,perly (including infi:rnration tcchnologry
$J-$tems) having a ussful life of more lhan one year *ncl a ;:er-unil acquisition cosl
c.xcerdi rtg $5.000.00.
3.14 "supplies" shall mcan all tangible personal property other tlran l3quipment.
rv. SCOPE OF WORK; NO WARIL{'NTY
4.1 LT{IVERSITY shall furnish the labor, materials. and equiprnent rlecussary to provide lhe
seruices applicable under this Agreement in aocordauce rvith rr,illtsn Scopes of Work,
mutually agreed to b1r the Partics. Such Scopcs of Work will bc incorporated into lli.s
,Agre*ment by this rel'Brence ryiren executed by borh Parlies, a sanrple ol" rvhich is
included in this Agreem€nt as lrlarhment A-Budget, Attachn*nt B-Scopa of l{ork.
4.2 Modifications to il Scope of Wrx* requesled by SPONSOR rvill he perl'onned irt
accordance with a written Change C)rder, mutually agreed to by the ['ar(ies. Change
Orders rvill be incorporated inlo this Agrecment by this ref'ercnce upon execution by botlt
Parties. For SPONSO& a Change Ordcr nray bc signed by either SI'ONSOIi or try
SPONSOR'S T'hird f'arty Project tulanager.
4.3 Lh{IVERSITY agrees to use its rensonab}e effor1s to perform the services outlinerl in an)'
Scopc of Work in accordancc rvitlr the terms and conditions ol' this Agrectnenl.
z
Avisla Ccrntrnct R-4009?
UNIV8R.gI'TY DOtsS NOTRT]PREST]N'I.. WARRAN'T. OR 6UAITANI'EI'j 11.IA1"'I"I.IH
DESIRED RESULI'S wlLl. BE OB1'AINED UNDEIt 1"1{l,S ACIlEE}v{EN'f.
ADDII'IONAI-1,Y, UN'IVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENI'N'TION AS TO'i'I"II
I'AI-ENTABILITY OR PROTECTAISILITY OT: ANY INTI1I,I,}:CTUAI". PROPIJRI'Y
CRIiATED UNDER ThIIS AGREEN4ENT.
4,3 KiekOff lr{eeting/Reporting Requirernents.
4,3.1
rt,!')
Kick-off Mecting. Within rhirly (30) days of Executing this Agrcement and/ar iur
associatcd Scope of WorI, rhe UNIVHRSI'|Y will arterrd (either in per$an or
telephonically) a kick-off meeling with the SPONSOR.
Progress Reports. UNMRSITY shall pruvide $ two page rvritten report on thc
progress ot:the Scope ol'Work every six (6) rnorrths follorvingtlrc execulion tll'
*uclr Scope ol'Work.
4.3-3 Final l'echnical Report. tJNIVIIRSlTY shnll firrnish a Ilnal u.rittcn report r+ilhin
thirty (30) days of complelion ol-the Pcriocl ol'Perlormance ir-: dci'ined in Section5.l. This rcport rvill inclrrde flt a nrinirnum: a surnmirrv ol' projr-cl
accomplislrrnents, a sumnlar.y of buclget expenditures. stngo itnd gatcs stilrus.
number ol'faculty utilized, studenl. psrticipation, ancl 0 status ot'the prtrjecl and
completion tirnelines. SPCINSOIt and I-JNIVERSITY will idcntily rvhethcr suclr
the report rvill be presented in person or clcctronically in cac,h Scope ol'Work.
4.3.4 Final Financial Report. A finat finaneial report sltoll be firrnisherd rvithin sixty
(60) tlays of compleiion ol'the Period of Pcrlcrrnrance a,s defined in Section 5.1.
"1.4 Third I'arty Project Manager. SpONSOR rvill retain an independenl third party lo a,csist
SPON$L}R rvith monitoring milestorles and deliverable* fcrr caclr Sc,ope ot' Work,
LINMRSII'\' agrees to cooperilte rvith such third party and provide nny requested
infornra{iort in a tintely nranner.
V. GENEITALTDRMS AND CONDII'IONS
ln cor:sidcration of thc mutrral premiscs and covenant.s containcd hercin, lhe Pa(ics agrce to thc
I'rrl Iurving tenns and c,onditions.
5.1 l'cCrod_gl__Pet&$tg!99. 'Ihe specilic pcriod of pcrforrrrance lbr eaclr project rvill be
dsfined iil eitch Scope of Work, and any changcs n,ill be rnutually iiereed upt'rn ir tvriting
betrveen the Parties in acr:ordartce u,itlr thcr Charrge Order pror:es$ sst linlh ir Sestion 4.2,
5.3 Frrrr.ding. SPONSOR ;)grees to rcimlrurse UNIVERSITY frrr scryices pcrlirrmcd in
accordance tith the pa!.ment sclredule listed in sach Scope ol' Work. Any unspent
funding renrairring ufter UNIVHI\SITY complutes sach Scope o[ Work and ussocialqd
repurting requirements shall l're retunled tct SPONSOII.
5.3 Prgleqt llrrdgg!. Each Scope of Work will set florth a Prcr.iecl l]uclget (scc ."lttuthnwnt .4*
lludgrQ. Deviations irorn this Project lludget may be made to and tiom any expcrnditurc
line itern rvithin the LINIVIIRSITY systr:nr, as long as suq:lr cleviation is rcasonable aurd
necelsnry in the pursuit of the Sc*pe of Wtrk and pre-approvcd by SPONSOII, providccl
however that UNIVERSI1*Y shall nol he required to receive prior rvritten approval lbr
amoufit hlss tlran $500. The total anutulrl identified in cacrlr Sc.opc cll Weirk mny nr:rl he
excecded witlrout prior rvrittcn ao.reement through a Change Order.
J
.4 vista Contrsct R-10097
5.4
5"5
5;1
4
Avista Coniract It-40097
lnvoices should be senl to:
NarrclTitle: JQhn Gibson
Address: l4l I E. Mission Ave, --
Invojces. Periodio invoice; rvill be provided, in accordnnccr with 5.2 using the standard
UNIVERSITY invoice. Payments are due to UNIVERSI'l'Y rvitlrin thirty (30) clays lionr
the UNIVERSITY invoice date.
5.6
Phone;509-49i*41 I 5
E-nrai I : jsl'l.eibttxiG)avistacorp,
ciry/starelzip:Snokane. WA 99220
E(uinmsnt and SUpJZlies. UNIVERSI l'Y shall rctain title lo any Equipmcnt uncl Supplirs
purchnsed with funds provided by SPOIIiSOR und*r this Agreertrent.
KSI,*Pe$etUpj. The Project Director may select and supenise ollrer Sponsored R&D
Project staff ns needed to perfornr the Scope ol Work. No othcr person rvill be
substitured for the Project Director, except rvith SPONSOR's approval. SPONSOI{ mny
exerci$e J'ermination for Conveniencc provisions of this Agreen'lent if a satistbctary
substitute is not identificd.
eeIUSl*gf.SsSEs--at*WqIh. The conffol of lhe Scope of Work rests enlirely with
SPONSOR, but control of the pcrfornlance o[ tho UNMRSII"\' and tlre Sponsored
R&D Project stlff in executing the ,Scope of Work rvitlrirr the Sponsored R&D Projcct
shall rest entirely with UNIVERSITY. The Partics agrce that LTNIVERSI'l'Y. through its
Project Director, shall maintain regular contmunication rvlth the clesigna{ed liaison for
SPCINSOR and the UNIVERSIT\"s ltojcct Director and SPONSOR's l-iaison shall
rnrrtually delirrc the lrequency and nature ol'suclr contmunicatiotts.
5.8 Confidentiol lnformation.
5.8.I "l'o the extent allowed by larv, und subjecr to rhe publication provisions set foffh
in Section 5"9 below, UNIVEI{SIIY and SPONSOIT agree to use reasorlable cart
to avoid unauthoriued disclosure of Confidr:ntial Inlirnnation. including rvithout
Iimitation taking measures to prcvent creating a premature har to a Urritcd $tates
or ltrrelgn patenr application. Each Party rvill linrit access to, and any putrlicalion
or disclosure of. Confidential Information received from anolher Part.y hereto
and/or meated and rcduecd to praetice as a piut of lhe Sponsored R&D Project, to
those persons hnving a need ta knoiv. Hach Pa*y slrall emJ:loy the satne
reasonable safeguards in recciving. storing; trmsmitting, and using Cunfidential
lnforrnation tlr&t eagh Pafly nornrally exercises 'lr,ilh respect to its own potenlislly
patentable invent'ions and other conficlential inforn:ation of signilicant value.
5.S"2 Confidcnlial Infonnirtisn shall rrol be disclnsed by the receiving Pany to a third
party: (i) for a period of tlrrce (3) yeam frorn receipt of such Confidcntial
Informatiorr; or (ii) tluil fl patent is published or the Conl'iclential lnlbnnalion of
a Party is puhlished by the disclosing Party; or (iii) UNIVHIiSI'I'Y and
$PONSCIR mrtually agree to such relesse in a rvriting signed by both l)arties,
Notwithstanding th* above, any lntellectual Properly arising out ol" crcnted or
reduced to praclic.e as a parl of tlre Sponsored R&D Project slrall be subjcct lo the
requirenrents set forth belorv irt Sectiorr 5.9
5.8.3 TtrelErms of confidentialit-v srt forth in this Agreement slrall not be construed to
Iimit thc partie*' right trr irrdependently develop products rvithriut the usc ot'
another Par"ty's Confi den tial I nfclrmation.
5.S"4
t,
ii.
iii.
iv.
vi.
5"9
5.10
5
Avista Conlrircl R-40097
Confidential Inlrrrmation shalI rol insluclc inforrrration rvlrich:
rvas iil the receiving Par"tyts possession prior to reteipf of' tltc discloscd
information;
is or hecomes a nratlsr of Frrblic knorvledge through na ftrult of the receir,ing
Party;
is received from a third party witlrout a cluty of conlidentialit.v:
is ir:tlependently rleveloped by: the receiving Party;
is required to be tlisclosed under operation of law, including but not lintited to thc
ldaho Public Itecords Act. I.C. $$ 9-337 through 9-350;
is reasonably ascerleined by LINIVERSITY or SPONSOIT lo crs$te u ri.sk to ir
person involvecl in a clinicnl trial or to general public health arrd sattty.
l']ublicatipq. SPONSOR and UNIVERSIl'Y acknowledge the neecl to halance
SPONSOIT's need to prctect commercially fensible trchnologies, products. antl
processes> ineluding the preservation ol'the patr'ntabiliry of Inventions arising out ol.
created in or reduced to pracrice ns a part r:ItJre Sponsored Il&D Project that fall within
the Scope of Work, \vilh LJNlVEllSll'Y's pr.rblic responsibility tn frecly dissenrinate
scientific findings for the advancement of knorvlcdge. UNIVERSI'l"Y recogniz-es that the
public dissemination of information based upon the Scope oI Work perl'ornred uneler tlris
Agreement cfinnot contain Confidenrial Infcrrmatiort (urrless aulhoriz.cd for disclosure per
subsection 5,8.? erbove), nor should it jeopardize SPONSOR or Un*IVERSl'l'\''s ability to
commercializs Intellestual Property developed hereunder. Sintilarly, SPONSOIf
recogrilzes that the scientitic rrrsults of thc Sponsored R&D Project may he publishablc
after SPONSOR's intuests and patent rights are prolected nnd, subject to llrc
confidrflti{tlily provisions of this Agreenrenl, nray be presentahle in lorurns .ruch a:;
symposia or internarional, national or regional professional meetings, ur publislrccl in
vehicles such as books. joumals, websites, theses, or disscrtations.
UNMIRSII'Y and SPONSOR each agree ilot to publislt or olherrvise disclosc
SPONSOR Clonfidential Infonnalion or UNIVEIISI'[Y Confidential l nlbnnation, unless
authorieed iri writing by thc disclosing Part-v. SPONSOR ngrccs that LJNIVtittsll^Y.
subject to review by $PONSOR, shall have the right to putrlish results ol'the Sponsorcd
R&D Project, excluding SPONSOR Confidentisl hlbnnotion that is nol authorized in
writing to be disclosed by SPONSOR. SPONSOR shall be Ifurnished copien o[ any
proposed puhlication or presentation at lcast thirty (30) da-vs befure subrnission ctf suclr
proposcd publication or presertalion. During that tinrc, SPONSOR slrall have thc riglrt to
r*vierv lhe nraterial l'or SPONSOR Conlid$ntial lnformation and 1o $ssess tlle
patentability o1'any lnverrtion described in lhe material. If SPONSOR dr:cides that a
patent applicatian llor an tnvention should be filed or otlrer Intellectual Properry filirtg
should Lre pursued, the publieation or pre$enlotion shall he delayed an additional si,xty
(60) days or until a petent applicntion or other npplication for protcction ol'lntellectual
Property is liled, rvhiclrener is seoner. At SPONSOR's request, SPCTNSOR Confidcnlial
lnfomr*tion shall be cleleted Io the extent permissible by ancl in compliirnce rvith
UNTVERSITY's record retentiorr ol:ligations, provided, horvever thal during suclr
retention periods, I"JNIVERSfI'Y shail nraintain the SI'ONSOR Cnrrljdential lnlbnnation
in accordance rrith Section 5.8,
Ilulrlicity. Ncithcr Parly shall use thc nanrc oi thc other Party. nor iuty rrenrber of thc
other Party's enrployces, nor eilher Pan.v's Traclerusrks in any publieity, advcrtisirtg,
sales promotion, nervs relea-se. nor other puLrlicity matter rrilhorrl thc prior rvritlen
approvul of ,an authorized repn:sentative of that Parly.
5.1 I Ternrination lbr Convenience. This Agreemeut or any indiviciual Scopc ol"Work muy hc
leilnin&ted by *ith* llurty herelu upon written notice delivered to tlre other Pftrty al least
sixty (60) days prior to the date ol'tenrrination. By such termination. neither Part.v may
nullily obligations alre*dy inctrred prior to the date of tcrminalion. Upon receipr crf'any
such notice of termination, UNIVIiRSI'|Y slrall, except as $thcrlyiii$ directd tri,
SPONSOR, immediatell, stop pertbrmafiee of the s(rrvices or Work to the extent spccified
in such notice. SPONSOft sholl pay sll reasonuble eosts and non-cancelahle obligations
incurred by UNIVERSITY as of rhe date oli terminatinn. t.JNlVIl,RSI'l"Y shall usn its
reasonable efforts to minimiz* the conrpensatiol payablc, under this Agrcernent in thc
event of such lernrination,
5.t3 Ji11dn$tip11-1'of _C-Agsg. Iiithel Party uray {erminate tltis Agreernr.nt or an individunl
Sr.:ope of Work at any time upon tlrirty (10) dsys' prior rvritten uoticc in the event of a
material breach by the otlrer Party- provided lhe breaching Party hrc no1 cured suclr
brcach during such 30day period. A maledal breach inclurlcs, tvitltout linritation,
insolvency. bankmplcl,. general assignment for the bsnefit of creditors. or becoming tlie
subject of an1, proceeding conrmenced unilcr any statutc or larv ]br tlrc rclirrl o['debtors,
or il a receiver, trusleo or liquirlator of nny property or income of eillrer Part1, is
uppointed, or if UNIVERSITY is not perl'crrming the services in accorclancr-r u,ith tlris
Agreement or an inclividual Scope of Work.
5.13 'lcrnrination Obligalions. In addition to those obligolions set oril in 5.ll urd 5.1?, any
termirration of this Agreenrerrt ur arr individual Scope ol'Work shrll not rclieve eithur
Party ol any obligations incured prior to thc dale of tenninalion including but not
lirnited to, SPONSOR's responsibility to pay UNTVIIRSITY li:r all rvork perlbrnrtcl
rhrough the date of t*nnination, calculated on a pro-ratil basis givcn thc pcrr:cntagc ol'
courplelion of the Sporuored R&D Pr<lject ot1 the ellective cla{e of thc termination. and
I'or reimbursement to UNIVb.RSI'l'\'oIall non-cancelat:le conrnril.trrenB alruatJ"y incurred
frrr the terminated Sponsored l(&D I'Jrojecl. tJpon R:rnrinalion, L,NlVllRSl'I'Y shall
promptly cleliver to SPONSCIR all Sponsorcd R&D I'}roject delivcrables. nhelher
complete or slill in progress, end all SPONSOR Confidcntinl lnl'ormation disclosed to
LlNlVtrltSlTY in connection with the Sponsored R&D Project. Additionally, in the
event Lltcllcctual Propcrtv wils crcatcd as a result of tlre Sponsorcd lt&D Proj*ct,
SPONSORS' righrs to negotiate a license to sucl"r Intellectual Property shall apply
pursuant to Scction 5. 16 belorv, and the parties'agree to cxscule any documeuts
evidencing joint orvnership, il'applicable. Tlre rights and obligations of Article 5.S o1'tlris
Agrceme.nt shall survive tcrmination,
5.14 Disn_ttte ltesoltrtign. Any and all clairns, disputes or conlroversies arising utrder. out ol.
or il connection rvith tlris Agreement, rvhich lhe Parties hereto shall be urrable to rcsolvr:
within sixty (60) days, shall [:e mediated in good laith by the Parties' ruspestive Vic!'
Presidents for Research or equivalent.
Nothing in this Agrecment shall be oorstrued to linrit the' Panies' choiee ol'a rnutually
acceptable dispute rusolutiorr ntsthod in addilion to the dispute rcsolution proccdure
outlincd above, or to limit the Partjes' rigjtts to any rcmedy at larv r:r in equity lbr breuclt
r;f the terms of this Agreemer:t ancl the right to receive rensonable aitomey's f'ees and
cosui incilrred irt enforcing the torms of this Agreentent.
6
Avista Contraot Ii.--10097
5.15 Disclainer. UNIVERSITY MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPI-IHD WAIIRANTY r\S
TO TI,.TE CONDII'IONS OF TI"IE SCOPE OF WORK, SPONSORED PROJEC^T OR
AN Y TNTELLIICI'UA L PROPL:,RT\,. A EN ERA TED IN FOR IvIATI ON, OR PRODIJC].
MADN OR DEVEI,OPED UNDTIR T}.IIS AGIIHHMIINT, OR l'}IE
METTCI"IANTABILITY, OR TI'I'NEIiS IjOR A PARI'ICUI-AR P{JR,POSE OF T'I.IF-
SPONSORED PROJ'NCT, SCOPIi OT' WORK, OIT RESI-JI,'I'TNC PRODI-JCT.
5. l6 hlelleqtual Propqr1y.
5.16.1 LNIVERSITY Intellectual Prol:erty. UNIVERSITY shall orvn all rights ond tirle
to lntellectual Propert-v" crcated solely by UN.-l\TERSI'IY ernployr:es.
5.16.? SPONSOR Intellectual Properly. SPONSOR shall rrlvn all rig,hts arrd title to
lnlellcstual Properly ueated solel,v by SPONSOR rind rvithout u$e ol'
LiN I V$RS lI'Y rcsources under tlr is A greement.
5.16.3 JOINI' Inlcllectual Properry. UNIVERSIl'Y arrcl SPONSOR rvilljoinll.v own any
and all Intellectral Propert-v developed jointly (e.g., to the extcnt the partics
q,ould be con*idered joint invenlors and/or.ioinl copyright holders. os upplicuble,
under relevant U.S. intelltctual property lau.s) undcr this Agreement.
5.16.4 Either Party may filc for and n:aintain l*telleclr.ral Property protections for Joint
lntellectual Properr-v dcveloped under this Agreement. ln tlrc event thut a Isartv
wanls to obtain or maintain any lntellectual Properry prolections corrcerningi.loint
lntellectual Propertr,, tlrc nonfiling Party irgrces to exccute an."- lussociuted
documenHilion reasonably requcstcd.
5,16.) Joint Intcllectual Properly shall be owned equall.y hy the panies. H.rcrtpt *s
provided belorv, the parties acknorvledge: (i) to 5hirrB eQurlly all expenses
incurr*d in obtaining and maintaining lntellectual Properly prolections on .luint
Intelleetual Property, and (ii) that each Partv shall have lhe right lo license suclr
Joinl hrventiorrs to thirtl p&fiie:ii (with the righr tu sublicerise) rvithout accounting
to thu other ancl without tlre consent of the othcr.
-5.16.6 Reservcd.
5.16.7 Nrrt*ilhstanding the fcucgoirrg, a Parly rnay decicle at any tinrc that it does not
w{nt to finaneially silpport lntcllcctual Properly protcctions lbr certain Joint
Intelle tual Property'(a "Non-Sunnortirffi'), In thatr case, the otlrer Pirrt-v
is free to seck and obtain such lntellecrual Properl.v protections at i1s orvtr
expense (a "SuJopo{tine Partv"), provid*d that lille to any such lntellec{tral
Property protections shall still be held jointl.y- by the parties.
5.16.8 LTNMRSITY nnd SPONSOR rvill promptly clisclose to ihe olher Party in
rvriting an), lntsllcctual Property made during tlre services perlbrured hereurtdrr.
Such disclosure by UNIVERSITY shall he sufficierrtly detailed for SPONSOR to
assess the conrmerciol viability of the technology and sliall tre ;:rovidcrl and
maintained b1' SPONSOR in confidcncc pursilfrnr to the term$ of Articlc 5.8.
SPCINSOR shall hnve up to ninelv (90) days l"roru rhe receipt ol'thc disclosure to
inlbrm UNIVERSITY rvhelher it elects to luvc LINNIRSITY file a patent
application or othenvise seek Intellectual Propurrty protection pursuant to thc
proccdures set forth helorv,
7
Avista Coutract R-40097
5. r6,9 TJNIVERSITY hereby grants to SPONSOR an optiorr to ncgotiatc an e.rclusive
Iicense under any UNIVERSITY Intcllectual Property rights tlrnt SPONSOR
wishes to pursue (the "Negotiati<ln Right"). LTNIVERSffY agrces to negotiate in
good faitlr to atNnlpl to eitablish the terms of a lircnse agreement grunling the
SPONSOR the ex$lusive rights to make. ltsve nrade, use. sell. ofler to sell, exporl
and inrport products in tlre applicable tielel of use under the applicable
lnlellectual Propcrty rights. Such licensc agrecment shall be in accorilarrqc rvitlr
policics, procedures and guidelines sct out by lhc ldaho State Board o{'
fducation, and shall include a[ least thc lbllawing provisions: a licensc f'ee,
annual rr:aintemnce peyrnent#minimum royalties, milestone payrn$nts (whert:
applicable) and royalty paymenls, paymcnl ol'all prst and future costs incurred
by UNIVERSITY sssociated rvith the proteciion, prosecril.ion and maintenailcc ot"
the UNIVERSITY Int*llechral Property rights, the linritetl right to granr
sublicenses, sublicense fees, o commifinent by the SPO;"\SOR and an"v approvcd
sub-liccnsees Io exert best efforts to irrtroduce liccnsccJ products into public use
as rapidly as prilcticable, the right of TJNIVERSII'Y to tcrnrinale the licensc
agreement should the sPoNsclR nor n)eet aDy negotialed tlue diligtuce
mileslones. a commitrnetrt to rnaintain the criurfidentiality af any UNIVERSI'fY
Confidcntial Information undcr lntcllectual Property ltights, and indemnity and
insurancc i:rovisions satisftrctory to UNIV[RSl'i"Y. Additionally, any liccnse
rvill include a rsscrvntion of rights for LINIVIIRSI'I'Y ttr use tlre Intellectual
Propertl, Rights for rcsenrch. teaching arrd rxher larvful purpo^Bes oI thc
UNIVERSITY. Nr:twithstanding ailything irr this Agreernent to tlre contrary, this
Agreement slrall only require tlre Parties to negotiate in good failh to attempt to
enter into a license. and shall not require cither Puty to enttlr into such a license
unless rhe terms and conditions for such liccnse are satisfactory to such Pafly in
its scle discretiorl SPONSOR's Negotiation ltight shall. fbr lntellectual Propeny
disclosed by UNIVEI{SITY to SPONSOR under Section 5.16,S, extond for
ninety (90) days after such disclosure (the "Negotiation Pcriod"). SPONSOR
slmll have upon exercise ol'i(s Negotialion llight. ninety (90) days to negotiete
the tcrnrs of thc lisense, rvlrieh poriod can lre cxlended by rnutual rvritlen
agreeilent ol'the Parties. In the eveirt that SPONSOR docs noi excrcise its
Nr:gotialion ltight as to any disclosed Inventior: c,r lntcllcctual Prnperty rvithin
the Negotialion Period or the parties lhil to reach a rnutually acceptable licensc
egrecment withiu the ubove speciliud tirne period: (i) SPONSOIT'S Negotiation
Right shall cnd; itnd (ii) UNIVEI{StTY shall be entitled lo ncgoliate in good I'ailh
rvilh one or nlore third parties an exslusivc or nouexclrrivc liccnse to thc
Irrtcllectual Property in its solc discretion.
5.16.10 UNlvtiRfilTY, after due consultation with SPONSOI(. shall pronrpll-v filc and
prosecLrte patent applications on UNIVERSI'I'Y httsllqctual Property to rvhich
SPONSOR exercised its Negotiation Right during the Negotiation Period, using
counselof UNIVIiR$II'Y's choice. Bcrcause UNIVtsRSI'lY nrrd SPONSOIi have
a corumon legal interesr in the p,rosecution ol'such applicarions, IJNIVERSITY
shall keep SPONSOR advised as to all develol:nrents rvillt respect 10
apulicalion{s) arrd shall pronrptly suppl-v copies ol'all papcrr^ recsived and ljlcd in
connection r*,ith the proseculion in sufficient time for SPONSOR to (rorrulerrt.
SPONSOI1 understnnds nnd agrees that such uxchange of inf'ormalion may
include privileged intbrmalion and thar by such an eschangc in funherance ol'the
colnnton intere*ts o{'the parties, thc UNIVEI{SITY does not iirtenrl to wuive the
attomey/client privilege, otlorney rvork product irnmunity, comrnon interesl
privilege, and/or any olher applicable privilcgc, protection. or imrnunity.
SPONSOR's c$nrlnents shall be taken into consideraticrn. SPONSOR shsrll
I
Avista Contrau lt-d0097
r€inlburse UNMRSITY for all reasonuble out-of-pockct cosls incumcd in
connection rvith such prcpamtion. liling. and prossc.ution ol' patcn(s).
SPONSOR shall be responsible lbr all such cosls under this Section unlil
SPONSOR nstifies UNIVERSIl-Y in rvriting that SPONSOR ds'sires to.; .discontinue its financial $uppCIrt; providecl, horvever* SPONSOR shall ulso brl
rcsponsible lbr all costs incurred by UNIVEf{SI'IY after the date r:f naticc under
this Sectlon and rvhich are reasonalrly relateel ttt SPONSOR'S prior guidarice t<:
LINIVERSITY.
5.16. I I Within nine (9) months of the filing date ol' n U.S. patent applicatiun, SPONSOIi
slull provide to UNIVERSITY a rvritten list crl' fnreign countries in rvhiclr
applications should be filcd. SPONSOR sball provide L,NIVERSI'fY advan:e
funding for all I'oreign applications/filings. If SPONSOR elects 1r: discunlinue
firrancial support of any patent proseculion, in any country, LjNIVERSITY shall
be free 1o continue prosecution CIt UNIVEI{-qI1'Y's expense. ln sur:lr ev,:nt.
LINIVERSITY shall hovc no f'u(her obligation to SPONSOIi in regard to suclr
patent applications or patsnt's.
-5.16.12 UNIV[I.RSI'[Y. subject to its C'opyriglrt policy, herehy granls ltr SI'JONSOI( a
non-exclusive, royalty-frce, non-srr[:licEnseable license to use Copyrighteel
Matorial to rvhich IJNIVEIISI'I'Y holds the (irpyright" rvith the cxccptir:n rrl'
copyrigJrted softrrare (rvhich shstl be licerued in accordance rvitlt Section 5.16.9
oirove), for its internal, nr:n-con:nrurcial use.
5.16.13 SPONSOR unde.rstands that UNIVEI{SI'I'Y nrust conrpll, with thc provisions ol-
t-IS Patent larv, including the Bayh-Dole Ast.
5,16,l4 No l'}arty shall invoku the CREAI'E AC'l' lCooperalive Researsh and Techni:lop:
llnluncemenl Act of 2004 and subsequent anendnren$ and irnplementing
,regulatiuns) ruithout rvrittcn consEnt of the othcr Portl,.
5.17 lndenrnity and Llolcl Harmless. SPONSOR shall fully indenrnify'arrd hold harmless fie
stals of ldaho, UNIVERSITY rrnd its goverrring board, officersn r-rtrpfoyecs, irnd agunts
front and against ury and all costs, losses, damages, liahilities, expenscs, demands, and
judgments, including court costs and reasonable altonrey's fees. rvlrich rnay arise oul ol'
SPONSOR'S activities under or relaled to tlris Agreement and SlrONSOlt's ncgligcnt
conduct. Additionally, SPONSOR shall fully indemni$ and hold lran:rless the state ol'
ldoho, UNIVI'iltSlT'Y tind its guvcming board, officers, employees. and ngcnls htrrn and
against any and all costs, losses.. damages. liabilities. expcnses! demands, and judgnrents,
including court costs turd reasonsble attorney's fecs, rvhich rnay arise out of SPONSOI{'s
use, conlmercialization" or distribution of infbrnration. malerials or products rvhich resull
in rvhole or irr part l'rom the rescarch perf<lnnecl pursuanl to lhis Agreemcnt, provided,
however, that SPONSOIi shull not indenrnify UNlVllRSl'l'Y fbr any claiurs rcsulting
directly from UNIVERSITY's lack of ownership or inf ingement ol a third-party's
inlellectual propcrty rigltts.
Ip the event that any such loss is caused by tlre negligence ol both Parlics, irtclrrding their
cmployees, Bgents. su;:plicrs nnd *ubconlrilctors, tlre loss shall [:e horne b-v tlre Parties irr
the proportion that their respective negtigence be"rrs to the total negligence c*using tlte
loss; provided, hor.vcver, thnt nny loss borne by the LINIVIII{Sl'fY shall in any cvcnt only
be ro rhr.r e.xtent allowed by ldalio larv. including, uithout limitation. the limits of liabilil.v
spceified in ldaho Codc 6-901 througdr 64?9, knorvn as the ldaho Tort Claims Acl
I
Ar,ista Contnrct R-10097
5.l8 A,mendmenis, 'l'his Agrcement rnay be anrended [:y mutual agteument of the Pa$ies.
Such amendtnertts shall not be binding unless tltcy are in rvriting an<l signed lry personnc.l
atrthorizctl tei bind each of thr; Partiers.
5.19 Assignrnent. l'he work to be providecl under tlris Agreement. and anv claim arising
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l0
Avistl (ontnrcr R-40097
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I
2l
4
UNIVERSITY
I}OISE S'I'A E IJN IVI]RSI"TY
SI}ONSOR
N VIS^I'A COITPORA'I'ION
Ncnre:
Title:
Date:
tlr'
Nanre:'Iirlc:
Datr-':
Ilxccutive Dircclortilz*ltg* -
ll
..\vista ('ontruct R--10097
A]'TACHMENT B * SCOPE OF WORK
UNIYERSITY #
Avista Energy Research Proposal
Residential Static VAR Compensator
Boise State Univcmiry
FN.NCII,AL I :\YT]STIGAT(8,
Dr. Said Ahmed-Zaid
P Ro.r r:(:l' OBJ ri:(:t NI.;s
This proposal is broken dqrwn inlo the follorving ta.rks during the first phasc (year l):
L Phase t-,4: Dcsign and simulare the RSVC prototype using an appropriate so{Iwerre package that
rellccts real-rvorld coflrponcnt$ as close as possible. Design and sir-e the (varialrle) inductor"
(fixed) crp*citor, solid-state srvirches. and Iiltering circuits il'needcci.
2. Phase I-B: Tes lhe simulated RSVC using a distribution svstern simul{ror such as EPRI's
OpenDSS *nd evaluate ti:c porver *nd/or snergy savings in u snrall-scale clisrrihution $yslcff.
3. Phase l-C: Purform a sost-honefit analysis based on the resuls of tlre pilot study and cstinratc thc
payback pcriod tbr llris apparatus
RES0U&C E eouilllr:t{ liN'l s :
L Projcct manager and supervisor: Dr. Said Ahmed-Zaid (78 hours)
2. M.S. Craduate Research Assislant: Mr.lr4uhamnrad Latif (l300 hours)
PRo.I}:fr PI,.TN
Background
Conscrvation hy Voltage lteduclion (CVR) is the inrplemcnlaiion of a distribuliorr vollage stmtcsi
w'herehy all vtlltages ure lowered to the rnininrum allorved by the equiprnent nralrufactrrrer. 'l'lris is a
consequence ol'ilre observation tlmt nrony loads consunre less porver rvhen lhey are fcd with a voltagc
Iorvcr than ncrminal, lrr order to guaranlee a good qualily :iervice, loads shoultl not lre supplied rvith a
volt*ge highcr or lower than 59/o o[ nnminal. A range ol'standard service voltages usctl in the Unilud
States is specilied by tlre Amsrican National Standards lnstitute (ANSI) as ll0 volts nominal, I I4 volts
ininimurn ( 120 V minus 5Yoi and I 26 volts ma.ximum ( 120 V plus S%).
Dcspite rlre regulatory history, clectrir:al coupanies aru I'orced lo becorne more cfficient snd nrorc
conrpetiiive by working to reduce costs. One such big ccrsl is rvhen a company buys costlv encrg.v lront
another utility in lhe rnarket lvhen it cannot satist-v its own demund rvith its orvn installcd capacity.
Furlhernrore. distribution conrparries, as well as final customcrs, rnust pay a higher price per kWh during
l3
Avista Conruct 11.{009?
pc&k demflnd houns. 'l'he goal of our proposed residerrtial CVR implernentalion is to retlucc porvm
consumption c{urirrg peak hours in ordcr to save energy and costs.
Befure applying CVR, pouter rystert c,perators and analysts must also urclemtantl the clraracteristics ol'
rtreir loads. Even if all loads oonsumctl [ess lluwer rvith les-s voltage, rvhich is gerrcrally not lnrs. rve
would not b,e saving energy in all cases. Some deviccs can give gnod service hy working at a ktrvcr
voltage. l'or exarnple, decreasing the voitage of a lightbulb rvilt delir:itely yield energy savings. [-lowevr:r.
there ars other devlces, such fls air conditioners and ovcns, rvhiclt will hnve to u,ork longer Io girre the
same servisc. So in the end. Ive nray ,"tot be saving energy and, instead, it is possihlc to consurne evl:n
more. Whereas lowering the voltage may incrcase line current losses, thc decrcuse in porver consurnption
is expected ta be biggor, so thst the overalI balance will be positive [ -5].
Project Objective
Since the implernentatir:n of a conservation by voltage reduction (CVR) system is beyond lhc scope ol'
this projecl. \rye are proposing insterrd to develop a solulion ba.sad orr the contept of u ll.esidentiul Static
VAR Compensator (RSVC) for regulating residential voltagcs. espuriall,".. during peak d*mnnd hours.
when the benelits coincide besi rvith the interasl.s olcustomers and those of the clectric colrrpanies.'lhssri
ItSVCs will be an $dditional lool for snrart denrancl-side managernent. By controlling rcruotely rhe
RSVC, a utility can nppl-v CVR at spccified individual locations dLrring speci{icd pcriotls. Our goal is tti
develop sttch an RSVC prototype atrcl rve will leave it to the eleclric utility cortrJ:anics to clcvelop
strategies fbr conservation by r.oltage regulation. Our solution involves insralling u inclividual a;:paratus
rvhich will decrease the voltagc beforc each customer's scrvice. 'l'his nruy not bc clreap lrut manv
indepcndent studies (u,ith different authors ancl procedures) har,e proved the greirl prr:lit that can be
achieved by rvorking rvith CVR and these additional costs cafl be justified or.er the long term [-5]. In
ather rvords, tlrc cost ol'inrplernenting CVR per kWh srrvcd rvould be snraller tlran bu-ving lhat arflount r)l'
kWh in the rnarket. A question renrains ns to rrhcthr:rthc payback for the initial cost investnrent rvill be in
the range ofthree to live years.
Our previous experience tvitlt trvo senior design proiects on CVR and wherc u,c lcsted tlle currcnt anr.l
power sensitivities of many comnlon household appliances to voltage regulation has providcd us wiilr
general conclusiorrs and guidance regarding the {basibility of this nrethod. Anotlrer potential benefit ol'
tlrese indiviclual residential dcvices is that tlrcy carr atso be usecl by utilities ivith high penetralions ol'
distributed energy sources that rvould nornrally complicate tlrc irnplernen(ation ol a global C-'VR system
for energy reduction.
Projcct Tinrcline for Phase I anrl Projccl Delivrrrnbles
Work would conrmense rvlren the contract is executed. From thnt point. wc anticipatc complcting rvnrk in
12 rnonths rvith an intcrim reporl at thc sixth mtrnth point.'fhe tinreline is illustrnted bclorv" assurring a
starl date of Novenrber 1,2014.
l4
Avisr"l Contrast 11.40097
'fnsk Start
Dtte
Dur$tion Comrnents
Prctotype Desigr:il/r&0t.+2 nronths Desiglr f, prototype based on end-uscr ncods urd
specificatiorts. mnrkeiirtg fequir*rneuts, ctrstornsr
constraints, budgel. and saI'ety corlstraints.
Prototype Simulation i/1i20 t5 3 n:onths Simulation lhc proto(ype using rr suili{ble so{irvarc
packag* rvitlr rcalislic components arrd contrclls,
lnterinr Report 4ili20t5 I month "l'his is a progress report on the status of the proiect
inc ludins si mul*tir:rr results.
Prototyne 'lestins 5/t /30 I 5 4 rnonths Test the RSVC usin.q HPltl's OnenDSS rvith a pilot
shdy of & rypical small-seflle distritrution systcnr.
Final Report 9/l /20 I s 3 months Deliver a final report with details of thc protot_vpc
design" results of the testing, ancl a cost-trenel'it analysis
ofnayback ocriod based on the nilot studv.
P0Tlii\i't'tAr, lH AIdKIi"r I'A'l'll
lf'tlre resrrhs of this research indicate that a residential (single-phase) stra{ic virr courpensator' (llSVC)
oflers a significant potential fbr cnergy savingp by valtage regulalion, i1 can beconre a valuahle tosl in u
uiility's demand+ide men:lgcment flor energy eflici*ncy, especiir"lly during pcak rlcmand hours. "['he
prototype dcsign and cost rvill be evaluated lbr a l0-kVA, single-phase, 1000 $qlrarc fcct. residcntial
homrr rvith a typical lotd tretween 1.5 kVA to 30 kVA" "l'hc design can ea^rily be.scaled up [or larger
residential honres. buildirrgs, and even neighborlroads with single-phase r:r Lhrcc-phase ilisrribution
tra:rsl'ornrcrs.
Ctuttiiua ron Mt:n$tilttx$ S( tcrr:ss
Success will bc rnea-sured bv tltr*c criteda:
l. A successlirl desigrr of u prororype that &utom$tically: regulates the service volrage of a resiclenrinl
home in tlre range ol l14 V to 126 V (plus or nrinus 5% ol'nominal). Thc prottxype rvill lre
demonslratcd in simuiation in Pl:tt",;e I and, il-desircd by Avista. in h*rdrvarc during Phase l[.
2. A successful sirnulation tesl ol'the operatiort of these devices in a distribution systcm sinrulator
(such a-s DPRI's OpcnD$S) using realistic utodcls of conrnron household appliances.
3. A cost-benefit annlysis l;ased on tlre rcsults of the ahove simulalion thul would yic.ltl the
allorvable cost for such devices in order lo aim tbr a payback periocl ol three to tive years.
RIiFERIiSCItS
[1] Kr-rnnedy, W. and R.FI, Flttc.hcr. "Conservatir:n Vr:ltage Reduction at Snohornish Clounty PUD."
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 6, no. 3. pp. 986-998, August l99l .
[?] Erickson. J.C. and S.R. Cilligan, "'Ilre ElTects ol'Voltugc Reduction on Distrihution Circuit l-oads,"
IEEE Trarisactions on Porver Apparatus and S-vstems. vol. PAS-101. no. 7, pp. ?014-?018, .luly 198!.
[i] Warnock- V..1. and'I.L. Kirkpatriclu "lntpacl of Voltage li.eduction un Ertcrg;, and Dentancl: Phasc ll."
IEEE li"arrsactiolm on Po,rver Sysluttrs, vol. PWRS- I , rtct. ?, pp. 92-95, Ma.v" I 986.
[4] Fletcher, R.ll. and A. Saeerl, "lntegrating fingineering ancl Iiconorrtic Arralysis ibr Conservation
Vcrltagc Tieduction." IEEE 3002 Summer N'leetirrg, 0-7803'7519-xiL]2. pp. ]25-73A.
[5 [ Lel"ebvre, S., 0. Gaha. A.-0. Ba. D. Asber. A. Ricard, C. Perrcrau]L anr{ D. Chartrrmd. "Measuring lltc
Efficiency of Voltage Reductitrn at l{ydro{uebec Distribution," PES Cenernl Mecring - Conversion md
Delivery of li.lcctrical Energ;i in dre 2lst Century, 1rp. I -7. Pirtsburgh, l']A, 20-24. ,luly 3008. InAn 30C,8.
1-5
Avisl,s Contract R-4{i097
AT'TACI"IMENT A - T}UI}GET
UNTVDRSITY #
Budcct Cataoories nlo Mths Ye:rr I Totrl
$nlaries
Pl Dr. Said Ahmed-Zeid Academic Year
PI Dr. Said Ahrned-Zaid Summer
Craduate Rese*rch Assistsnt
Fringc Burefits
Pl Dr. Said Ahnred-Zaid Academie Ycar
PI Dr. Snid Ahrned-Zaid Surnmer
Graduate Researeh Assistant
Student Costs
Gradunte Snrdent fee Remission AY & 6
summer thesis credits
Totat Student Costs
Tolal Direct Costs
Basr for ludircct Culculqtion
Indirc,tt Costs (F&A) 39Yo On-Campus
Resesrct
Total Cssts
t2
Avisttr Contract lt*{0097
0.r5
0.0
0.45
t2
olt
0.32
0.32
0.07
3rgt2 Jt,Z*z
4,282
27,000
4,382
?7.000
1,170
1,990
t,370
LS90
J,260 3,26{)
e87 987
I t.987 I I.987
lt il
46.529
34,542
46.529
34,54?
I i,47 t l:i.47 t
60.000 60.000
APPENDIX E
FINAL REPORT
Residential Static VAR Compensator (Phase 3 & 2)
il --[lsT,.
BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY
Avista Contract R-405 I 6
TnCHI\ICAL RBpORT
RTSIDENTIAL STNTIC V^I,N
CovrpENSAToR
Prepared by
Boise State University
Boiser ldaho
September 2016
PROJECT
RESIDENTIAL STATIC VAR
COMPENSATOR
Avista Contract R-40516
Final Report Draft version II, September 2016
Avista Project Managers: John Gibson
Randy Gnaedinger
Reuben Arts
Contractor: Boise State University
RESIDENTIAL STATIC VAR
COMPENSATOR
Avista Contract R-40516
Final Report, August 2016
Prepared by
Boise State University,
1910 University Drive,
Boise, ID 83725-1135
Principal Investigator
Said Ahmed-Zaid
Authors
Said Ahmed-Zaid
John Stubban
Andr6s Valdepefia Delgado
Muhammad Kamran Latif
Prepared for
Avista Corporation,
141 I E. Mission Ave.,
Spokane, W499220
Avista Project Managers
John Gibson
Randy Gnaedinger
Reuben Arts
1l
(ConJidential)
REPORT SUMMARY
The report provides the performance of a Residential Static VAR Compensator (RSVC) with a PWM- based
switching technique. The theoretical findings were verified by simulating and testing an RSVC prototype.
The proposed RSVC has several advantages compared to a conventional thyristor-fired SVC which include
an almost sinusoidal inductor current, sub-cycle reactive power controllability as opposed to half-cycle
controllability, lower footprint for reactive components, and the feasibility of building a single-phase
voltage regulation device. RSVC has a wide range of applications for utilities and customers. One such
application is Conservation by Voltage Reduction (CVR) which results in cost savings for both electric
utilities and customers during peak demand hours. This report also provides an analysis and evaluation of
the deployment of multiple RSVC in the Spokane downtown network to correct the power factor of the four
networks that form the downtown network. The methods of analysis include a local voltage control for the
RSVC and quasi-static time-series (QSTS) as well as traditional static analysis to perform the power flow
analysis in the distribution network. Results of the data analyzed show that it is possible to correct the power
factor in the network if proper settings are chosen for the load tap changer (LTC) transformer at the head
of the network. The network is a strong system where the voltage drop along the network is minimal and it
is difficult to effect the voltage using small reactive components (RSVC). The main objective of the study
was to correct the power factor in the four different networks in downtown Spokane. A higher power factor
reduces the feeder losses in the network by reducing magnitude of line currents. The main benefit of
deploying RSVCs in the downtown network is for the power factor correction. In all four network cases,
the power factor was corrected to almost unity. In some cases, the power factor of the network became
leading with the addition of RSVCs. The report also provides an analysis and evaluation of the benefits of
deploying multiple RSVCs in a distribution feeder. The feeder chosen for the study was SAG 741. Extensive
use of quasi-static time series (QSTS) determined the potential savings over a year in the SAG 741 feeder.
The deployment of RSVCs can be an effective additional tool for the reduction of energy consumption and
peak demand via a strategy of conservation by voltage reduction (CVR). The deployment of RSVCs
throughout the feeders in conjunction with the optimization of the LTC, voltage regulator and capacitor
settings resulted in a reduction of the energy usage while keeping the voltage within the limits at all times.
The peak demand of the feeder was also reduced by applying CVR. The main benefit of deploying RSVCs
was the reduction in energy consumption. Other benefits of deploying the RSVC in the feeder were
peak reduction and voltage balancing of the phases. The cost- benefit analysis shows that it is beneficial to
install these devices in feeders with a relative weak source.
J
CONTENTS
1 INTnonUCTION 7
1.2 References 8
2 Va.n CovrprNsAToR Rnvrnw 9
2.1 Principles of Var Compensation 9
2.1.I Shunt Compensation..
2.I.2 SeriesCompensation..
2.2 Traditional Var Generators..............
10
1l
11
2.3 Thyristor Switched Capcitor (TSC)t2
2.3.1 Thyristor Controller Reactor (TCR).....13
2.3.2 TCR with Fixed Capcitor (TCR-FC)
2.3.3 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Switched Reactor
.... l5
2.4 References
l5
18
3 BrnrnrcTIONAL SwrrCrrES REvIEw t9
3.1 Bi-directional SwitchTopology t9
3.2 Commutation strategies for bi-directional switch .22
3.3 Four-step commutation by measuring output load current .23
3.4 Four-step commutation by measuring input voltage sign........ ...................25
3.5 Commutation Methodology for Single Phase RSVC..... ..............26
4
3.6 References .27
4 PnororypEDESIGNANDSrnnur,arroNRrsur,rS....................29
4.1 Distribution Network Modeling .29
4.2 Residential Loads Modeling .31
4.3 Modeling Service Transformer Leakage Reactance .32
4.4 RSVC Reactive Component Sizing. ............33
4.5 Summary for RSVC Reactive Requirements 35
4.6 Simulation Results for RSVC 36
4.6.1 Gate driving signals .....36
4.6.2 Input and Output Voltage Waveforms................ ................37
Inductor voltage and current waveforms
Current through bidirectional switches
RSVC output voltage for different duty cycles
4.7 Low-Voltage RSVC Testing
....38
....39
....40
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.7.1 Gate driving signals
4.7.2 Input and Output Voltage Waveforms.....
4.7.3 lnductor current waveform
4.7.4 Inductor voltage waveform
4.7.5 Current through top bidirectional switches
4.8 Hardware Prototype Board
4.8.1 RSVC hardware prototype testing
4.8.2 Problems encountered during RSVC hardware testing......
4.9 References
5 Sruov MnrnoDoLoGY
..43
...41
...42
4l
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
5.1 Analysis Tools ..............48
48
5
5.1.1 OpenDSS..
5.2.1 PowerWorldDataConversion...
5.2.2 SynerGI Data Conversion..
5.3 Model Validation.............
50
52
52
,52
,s3
,5s
56
5.3.1
5.3.2
Downtown Spokane Feeder Validation
Feeder SAG-741 Model Verification................
6
5.3.3 References
Sruoy Rnsur,rs
6.I Spokane Downtown Feeder.... ......56
6.1.1 Spokane Feeder Description..s6
6.1.2 Power Factor Correction Utilizing RSVC ...59
6.1.3 FutureWork........
6.2 SAG-741 Feeder....
60
60
6.2.1 Static Analysis
6.2.2 Time-seriesAnalysis
8 Parrr TO MARKET
AppnNnrx
62
68
69
70
72
73
6
1 IxTnODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Conservation by Voltage Reduction (CVR) is the implementation of a distribution voltage strategy whereby
all voltages are lowered to the minimum allowed by the equipment manufacturer. This is a consequence of
the observation that many loads consume less power when they are fed with a voltage lower than nominal.
In order to guarantee a good quality service, loads should not be supplied with a voltage higher or lower
than 5%o of nominal. A range of standard service voltages used in the United States is specified by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSD as 120 volts nominal,ll4 volts minimum (120 V minus 5%)
and 126 volts maximum (120 V plus 5%).
Despite the regulatory history, electrical companies are forced to become more efficient and more
competitive by working to reduce costs. One such big cost is when a company buys costly energy from
another utility in the market when it cannot satisfu its own demand with its own installed capacity.
Furthermore, distribution companies, as well as final customers, must pay a higher price per kilowatt-hour
(k!Vh) during peak demand hours. The goal of our proposed residential CVR implementation is to reduce
power consumption during peak hours in order to save energ] and costs.
Before applying CVR, power system operators and analysts must also understand the characteristics oftheir
loads. Even if all loads consumed less power with less voltage, which is generally not true, we would not
be saving energy in all cases. Some devices can give good service by working at a lower voltage. For
example, decreasing the voltage of a lightbulb will definitely yield energy savings. However, there are other
devices, such as air conditioners and ovens, which will have to work longer to give the same service. So in
the end, we may not be saving energy and, instead, it is possible to consume even more. Whereas lowering
the voltage may increase line current losses, the decrease in power consumption is expected to be bigger,
so that the overall balance will be positive [1-5].
Since the implementation of a conservation by voltage reduction (CVR) system is beyond the scope of this
project, we are proposing instead to develop a solution based on the concept of a Residential Static VAR
Compensator (RSVC) for regulating residential voltages, especially during peak demand hours, when the
benefits coincide best with the interests of customers and those of the electric companies. These RSVCs
will be an additional tool for smart demand-side management. By controlling remotely, the RSVC, a utility
can apply CVR at specified individual locations during specified periods. Our goal is to develop such an
RSVC prototype and we will leave it to the electric utility companies to develop
7
strategies for conservation by voltage regulation. Our solution involves installing an individual apparatus
which will decrease the voltage before each customer's service. This may not be cheap but many
independent studies (with different authors and procedures) have proved the great profit that can be
achieved by working with CVR and these additional costs can be justified overthe long term [-5]. In other
words, the cost of implementing CVR per kWh saved would be smaller than buying that amount of kWh in
the market. A question remains as to whether the payback for the initial cost investment will be in the range
ofthree to five years.
Our previous experience with two senior design projects on CVR and where we tested the current and power
sensitivities of many common household appliances to voltage regulation has provided us with general
conclusions and guidance regarding the feasibility of this method. Another potential benefit of these
individual residential devices is that they can also be used by utilities with high penetrations of distributed
energy sources that would normally complicate the implementation of a global CVR system for energy
reduction.
1.2 References
[1] Kennedy, W. and R.H. Fletcher, "Conservation Voltage Reduction at Snohomish County PUD," IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 6, no.3, pp.986-998, August 1991.
[2] Erickson, J.C. and S.R. Gilligan, "The Effects of Voltage Reduction on Distribution Circuit Loads,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-I01, no. 7,pp.2014-2018, July 1982.
[3] Warnock, V.J. and T.L. Kirkpatrick, "Impact of Voltage Reduction on Energy and Demand: Phase II,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. PWRS-1,no.2,pp.92-95, May 1986.
[4] Fletcher, R.H. and A. Saeed, "Integrating Engineering and Economic Analysis for Conservation Voltage
Reduction," IEEE 2002 Summer Meeting, 0-7 8 03 -7 5 I 9 -x/ 02, pp. 7 25 -7 3 0.
[5] Lefebvre, S., G. Gaba, A.-O. Ba, D. Asber, A. Ricard, C. Perreault, and D. Chartrand, "Measuring the
Efficiency of Voltage Reduction at Hydro-Quebec Distribution," PES General Meeting - Conversion and
Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 2l st Century, pp. l-7, Pittsburgh, PA,20-24, July 2008, IEEE 2008.
8
2 Ven CONiIPENSATOR RgvltrW
Reactive power plays an important role to enhance the quality of power systems. In theory, reactive power
is defined as the ac component of the instantaneous power with double the system frequency and zero
average value. This means that the reactive power generated by the ac source can oscillate between the ac
source and reactive components (capacitors and reactors) at twice the rated frequency (60 Hz) without
circulating between the load and the source. This allows reactive power to contribute in the voltage stability
for the power systems. Reactive power also provides the power factor correction (PFC) for industrial plants
that present poor power factor. Many methods for PFC have been proposed in the literature but reactive
power method is the most commonly used technique for PFC [1-3].
A widely used methodology for providing Var compensation include shunt capacitors. But with largely
varying loads fixed shunt capacitors can often lead to either under-compensation or over-compensation.
Dynamic Var compensation can be achieved using switchable capacitor banks. Depending on the Var
requirements, these capacitor banks are switched in and out of the power system. However, they require
vast installation area and need a reactor to avoid series and parallel resonance between the capacitor and
source impedance [2].
Modern reactive compensation techniques use Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices that
provide dynamic reactive power to the power system. FACTS are high-speed power devices that combine
advanced control system techniques with the fast processing power of microprocessors to respond to
reactive power needs for the power system [4-5]. Commonly used FACTS devices are static Var
compensators (SVCs) and inverter-basted static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). For utilities,
FACTS technology has become an essential tool to alleviate problems associated with reactive power to
get the most service from their transmission and distribution networks and enhance the grid reliability [6].
This chapter briefly describes the principles for series and shunt reactive power compensation. Also, an
overview for the commonly used FACTS (SVCs) devices are also presented. An improved SVC topology
is proposed that help mitigating the problems caused by the conventional SVC.
2.1 Principles of Var Compensation
Based on the type of reactive compensation required, it can be categorized as series Var compensation and
shunt Var compensation. Shunt compensation changes the effective equivalent impedance of the load
whereas series compensation modifies the series transmission or distribution parameters [1]. In both
9
compensation techniques, reactive power flows through the system thus improving the performance of the
overall ac power system.
2.1.1 ShuntCompensation
In shunt compensation, the lagging current drawn due to inductive load is compensated by leading
current generated by the compensator device. The leading current can be achieved in three different ways
using a current source, a voltage source and a large single capacitor or capacitor banks. The reactive
source provides a part of the total reactive power requirement by injecting positive Vars into the power
system thus improving the voltage regulation at the receiving terminals.In
Figure 2-l a typical power system is shown that draws a lagging current due to an inductive load which
results in reduced voltage levels at the receiving end. The power system is compensated by reducing the
lagging current supplied by the generator with the help of a reactive source. This helps to improve the power
factor as well as overall voltage profile for the power system.
Vr x RIV,
Load
e %
I
Figure 2-l: Radial ac system without reactive compensation
rce
v
a
Ic
Ic
6'
V:II.R
.x
l0
Figure 2-2:Ptadial ac system with reactive compensation
2.1.2 SeriesCompensation
Series compensation involves decreasing the inductive reactance of the power lines by installing theseries
capacitors. As a result of series Var compensation, total reactance of the lines is reduced that helps in the
minimizing the voltage drops.
Figure 2-l represents the phasor diagram of ac system without series reactive compensation. Figure 2-3
shows the effect of series compensation on an overall ac system. Decrease in the line reactance not only
reduces the voltage drop in the lines but also improves the voltage at the receiving end specifically for the
loads with low power factor.
Vr x RYz V2t
Vr
(p
I
Figure 2-3: Radial ac system with series reactive compensation
2.2 Traditional Var Generators
This section provides an overview of the shunt Var compensator that are discussed in literature and
commonly applied in electric utilities to mitigate effects ofpoor power factor and lower receiving voltages.
Common shunt Var compensators that are employed by the electric utilities include capacitor banks and
Static Var Compensator (SVC). SVC has various topologies depending upon the nature of the reactive
compensation required and reactive components used. Common SVC topologies include Thyristor
Controlled Reactor (TCR), Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC), and Thyristor Controlled Reactor with
Fixed Capcitor (TCR-FC).
t+
ll
2.3 Thyristor Switched Capcitor (TSC)
Capacitor banks provide dynamic reactive power to the power system. In capacitor banks, individual
capacitors can be switched on or off in discrete steps depending on the reactive power needs. Figtre 2-4
shows a capacitor banks where reactive components are sized to address the needs of varying reactive loads.
Each branch in Figure 2-4 consists of a capacitor C in series with two thy,ristor valves Swl and Sw2. This
assembly is connected in series with an inductor L to avoid the sudden increase in the rate of current through
the thyristors and to prevent the resonance with the power network. An individual branch in Figure 2-4 is
referred as Thyrisor Switched Capcitor.
aoaaa
sw1
hLr[1
Figure 2-4: Switchable capacitor banks
It is important to provide the gating signals to the thyristors at the instant when system voltage is equal to
the capacitor voltage to allow the transient free switching. This is achieved by using a synchronization block
with a phase-locked loop. Also when the capacitors are turned on, their stored charge adds on to the network
voltage. Thyristors are exposed to the capacitor's charge as well as the network voltage. Therefore, for safe
operation, thl,ristors should be rated at atleast twice as much as the peak of the system voltage.
TSC are not commonly used for reactive power compensation since their usage is practically limited by
number of disadvantages: the Var compensation is done in discrete steps, the thyristor switches are required
for each TSC branch resulting in the bulky structure, and power rating for the thyrisor switches should be
atleast twice the peakvoltage.
t2
2.3.1 Thyristor Controller Reactor (TCR)
Figure 2-5(a) shows a thyristor controlled reactor used in a SVC. In a TCR, an inductor is connected with
bidirectional thyristor valve. The reactive power generated by a TCR is dynamically controlled from a
minimum value (zero) to a maximum value by controlling the current conduction through the thyristor
valves. The current injection is based on the firing angle (gating angle) of the thyristors. The maximum
current injected by TCR is obtained by a firing delay of 90o. Partial current contribution is obtained when
the firing angle is between 90o and 180o. By increasing the thyristor firing angle, the lagging current injected
into power system is reduced which in turn increases the inductance of the TCR and reduces the reactive
power level of the power system. The fundamental component of the instantaneous current supplied by the
TCR is given by
,, = T(zn -2a * sin(2c))
Where:
q : Firing angle of the thyristor
XL = rtcoL = minimum TCR reactance for a = 90o
l3
sw2
AC Mains
L
Partial Condudion
sw1
Minimum Conduction
(a) (b)
Figure 2-5: (a) Thyristor control reactor (b) Voltage and current waveforms in a TCR for different
thyristor gating angles
Figure 2-5(b) shows three cases for different firing angle for a. It can be seen that continuous current
conduction is obtained when thyristors are fired at 90" during each half cycle. At this configuration,
contribution of reactor is maximum in lowering the reactive power of the system. However, the change in
reactor current can only happen once during each half cycle. The lack of controllability for the reactive
power during the complete cycle is one of the major drawback for thyristor controlledreactor.
As with the case for TSC, the thyT istor gating signals must stay in synchronizationwith the ac mains voltage
under all circumstances. This synchronization is required to properly fire the gating signals for controlling
the TCR. The synchronization is achieved by using a phase-locked loop that runs in synchronous with the
ac system voltage and produces thryistor gate firing sequence with respect to the peak of that voltage. The
control system responsible for phase-locked loop must be fast enough to respond during system faults and
voltage fluctuations. The use of synchronization block for producing the gate signals not only poses a
technical difficulty but also increases the total components required for constructing a SVC. Figure 2-5(b)
also shows the firing of thryristor at angles greater than 90o. These conditions are labelled as paritial
conduction and minimum conduction. At firing angles greater than 90o, the lagging current injected by the
reactor is non-sinusoidal. This produces low-order harmonics which requires filtering thus incurring
additional cost.
14
Due to above mentioned difficulties, the use of conventional thyrisor-firing based reactive power control
for a reactor is inefficient and prone to harmonics. An advanced method for controlling the reactive power
for the reactor is presented in the final section of this chapter. This advanced method uses a pulse-width
modulated control of reactive power instead of discrete reactive power as in the case ofTCR.
2.3.2 TCR with Fixed Capcitor (TCR-FC)
Figure 2-6(a) shows a thyristor controlled reactor with fixed capacitor (TCR-FC). This assembly uses the
combination of capacitor and reactor to provide adequate amount of reactive power support to the power
system. A distinguishing feature of TCR-FC is that the amount of the reactive power generated or absorbed
is a function of the input voltage that can be varied linearly depending upon the voltage. Figure 2-6(b)
shows the reactive power against the voltage (Q-V) characteristics of a fixed capacitor with a thyristor
controlled reactor. The graph depicts that the amount of Var exchanged with the power system depends
upon the input voltage. The linear region of operation is limited by the rated reactive power of the reactive
components. Beyond these points, the Q-V characteristics is no longer linear.
AC Mains
sw1
I
-{F out
(a) (b)
Figure 2-6: (a) Thyristor control reactor with fixed capacitor (TCR-FC) (b) QV characteristics for
Thyristor control reactor with fixed capacitor
2.3.3 Pulse Width Modulated (PWNI) Switched Reactor
As described in previous sections, thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) has multiple problems associated
with it. A summary for the problems encountered with TCR can be summarized as follow:
l. Control System for TCR (as well as TSC) require synchronization with the AC mains for
generating the gate signals.
t5
2. TCR Var compensator produce low-order harmonics due to non-continuous current that
requires filtering.
3. Var compensation is not continuous. It can only occur once in each halfcycle.
4. Huge reactive power components leads to bulky structure with high cost.
An alternating approach based on a pulse-width modulated (PWM) control of reactive power is proposed
for RSVC. The advantages of PWM-based Var compensators include a simpler control system with no
phase-locked loop, an unintemrpted reactor current, and a substantial reduction in the components size and
cost. The operating principle for proposed compensator is discussed in the next sub-section. Also, design
guideline of the designing RSVC system is proposed and experimental results are provided later in this
report to veriff the proposed concept.
2.3.3.1 OperatingPrinciple
Figure 2-7 shows a single phase, PWM-based switched reactor topology. A detailed analysis for this
topology can also be found in the literature [7-8]. The single-phase PWM-based switched reactor circuit
requires two bi-directional switches or four unidirectional switches.
lrN
Bidirectional
Switch sw1
ZrN +
Bidirectional
Switch SW2 lnductor VL
Figure 2-7:Single phase PWM based switched inductor
In the Figure 2-7, switches SWI and SW2, represents bidirectional switches with complementary gating
signals. When switch Sl is ON, the input current In*is equal to the inductor current. When switch SWl is
OFF, the inductor current is allowed to wheel through switch SW2 which is ON. The result is a fairly
sinusoidal inductor current whose higher-order harmonics are negligible.
16
By using high frequency switching, the fundamental component of the inductor current can be controlled
[7]. Assuming the switches to ideal, meaning their switching and conduction losses are negligible, when
SWI is closed (SW2 is open), input voltage vinappears across the inductor. This inductor voltage vl carrbe
expressed by the following expressions:
Inductor Voltage = v7 = 1linD
where D is the duty cycle ratio defined as the time interval when SWI is conducting. Similarly, the
current can be expressed
Fundamental Current Component = it:'to
where D is the duty cycle for switch SWl. From the equations above, the equivalent input inductive
reactance (Xin) can be found by using following expression:
, lvinl lvr,/Dl lXLlv{tnl= rtrr = rtra = D,
In the equation above, Xinadn be controlled by the duty cycle D. This makes the fixed inductor reactance
to appear like variable reactance as a function of duty cycle. The dynamic reactive power for PWM switched
inductor can be expressedas
^ vinzut - yr2lz
It can be seen that by increasing the duty cycle, the output inductive reactance X1 increases, while the
supplied reactive power decreases.
There is a noticeable improvement in the performance of PWM-based switched reactor compared to
conventional TCR. There is a freewheel path for the inductor current through switch SW2 which is helpful
in keeping the inductor current sinusoidal. This improvement eliminates the requirement for an additional
filtering circuit that is required for limiting the harmonics. The reactive power can be adjusted at any time
by varying the duty cycle D of switch SWl. This improvement eliminates the need of any synchronization
block that is required for providing proper gating signals to thyristors. Due to lower ratings for the reactive
components involved and reduction in the total components required to realize this device, it is
economically more feasible than convention SVC. Using this approach, utilities can benefit with the same
TCR-FC characteristics without polluting the ac system with low-orderharmonics.
t7
2.4 References
[] J. Dixon, L. Moran, J. Rodriguez and R. Domke, "Reactive Power Compensation Technologies: State-
of-the-Art Review," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 93, no. 12,pp.2144-2164,Dec.2005.
12) A.Prasai, J. Sastry and D. M. Divan, "Dynamic Capacitor (D-CAP): An Integrated Approach to
Reactive and Harmonic Compensation," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 46, no. 6, pp.
2578-2525, Nov.-Dec. 201 0.
[3] A. Prasai and D. M. Divan, "Control of Dynamic Capacitor," in IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 4'7, no. l, pp. 1 6 1 -l 68, Jan.-Feb. 20 1 1.
[4]Narain G. Hingorani; Laszlo Gyugyi, "FACTS Concept and General System Considerations," in
Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, 1, Wiley-
IEEE Press, 2000, pp.1-35
[5] R. Mohan Mathur; Rajiv K. Varma, "Introduction," in Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for
Electrical Transmission Systems , 1, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002,pp.1-75
[6] D. Coates, "FACTS: atransmissionutilityperspective," FlexibleAC Transmission Systems - The FACTS
(Ref, No. 1998/500), IEE Colloquium,London, 1998, pp.2/l-217.
[7] H. Jin, G. Goos, and L. Lopes, "An efficient switched-reactor-based static Var compensator," IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no.4, pp. 998-1005, 1994
[8] Sanghun Kim, H. G. Kim and H. Cha, "Reactive power compensation using switching cell structured
direct PWM AC-AC converter," 2016 IEEE \th International Power Electronics and Motion Control
C onference (IP E MC - E CCE A s i a), Hefei, 201 6, pp. 1338-13 44.
18
3 Brnnnncrlor\At, Swru'cHES Rpvxtrw
A bi-directional switch (also known as four quadrant or 4Q-switch or AC switch) is an essential part of the
proposed residential static VAR compensator (RSVC). A bi-directional switch has the capability of
conducting current in both directions as well as blocking the voltages of both polarities. The realization of
a bi-directional switch is a technical challenge in the implementation of forced commutation techniques in
direct AC switching. Research has been underway to fabricate a bidirectional switch on a single silicon die
[-2]. So far, very few bi-directional switches [3] are available in the power-electronics market. Therefore,
discrete unidirectional switches are used to realize a bi-directional switch.
This chapter provides a brief introduction to bi-directional topologies described in the literature. Also,
different current commutation strategies are reviewed based on the output current sign and input voltage
polarity across the bi-directional switches. Preference ofone strategy over another depends upon a particular
application. For the RSVC application, a voltage based current commutation is chosen because of ease to
detect the voltage polarity across the bi-directional switches. For the sake for simplicity, "bi- directional
switches" and "switches" will be used interchangeably in the discussion. For reference to the high-power
transistors, "device" will be used throughout this chapter.
3.1 Bi-directionalSwitchTopology
Bi-directional switches are realized, using discrete semiconductor devices. The diode bridge bi-directional
switch arangement, shown in Figure 3-1, consists of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) at the
center of a diode bridge arrangement [4]. The main advantage associated with a diode bridge topology is
that only one active driving circuitry is required to control the flow of current. However, the direction of
current cannot be controlled through the bi-directional switch. When the current changes sign, it is
commuted through the opposite conducting diodes. Moreover, there are three (3) devices involved in the
conduction of the current which contribute to greater conduction losses compared to other bi-directional
topologies. These disadvantages restrict the use of a diode bridge bi-directional switch for a limited number
of applications.
For a diode bridge bi-directional switch, it is not possible to define a safe commutation sequence. For safe
operation, the two switches should operate in a complementary manner. Since, the complementary
operation of the switches cannot be guaranteed, the only possible commutation strategies include "make-
before-break" and "break-before-make." These commutation strategies lead to short circuiting of the
19
input source or opening an inductive current leading to destructive current and voltage spikes respectively.
Figure 3-l: Diode bridge bi-directional switch topology
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 3-2.\n this figure, the switches represent diode bridge bi-directional
switches. In case of "make-before-break" strategy, the on-coming switch SWI turns on before the off- going
switch SW2 tums off. This causes a short circuit for the input source which leads to huge current spikes as
illustrated in Figure 3-3. These current spikes are destructive for the semiconductor devices and may lead
to permanent damage ofthe switches. In the circuit where "make-before-break" strategy is applied, reactors
are added to facilitate current transition during commutation. It then requires a snubber circuit to limit the
voltage transients [5].
LEAIGGE
Figure 3-2: Input phase with two bi-directional switches
For a "break-before-make" topology, the off-going switch SWI is tumed offbefore the on-coming switch
SW2 is turned on. This causes a breakage in the conduction of inductive load current which in turn produce
huge voltage spikes across the opened switches, as shown in Figure 3-4. These voltage spikes are destructive
for the switches and impose a threat to proper functioning of the switches. Circuits using "break-before-
make" strategy normally use voltage clamp circuit along with local snubber circuits to prevent the damaging
voltage spikes [6].
sw1
20
sw1
MAINs
AL
LEAKAGE
REAcTANcE
lNDUcroR
PWM BASEDSmED
ItDucToR
RrAcrANcE
AC
MarNs
Figure 3-3: Short-circuiting the input phase using "make-before-break"strategy
Sw[cH 1
SwrcH 2
PWM BASIDSWTCHEO
Figure 34: Inductive current intemrption using "break-before-make" strategy
Another proposed bi-directional switch topology includes two IGBTs with series diode connected in an
antiparallel configuration [7-8]. In this topology, a conduction path for the current exists in both directions.
The two IGBTs can be used to independently control the current paths. Also, the diodes provide the reverse
voltage blocking capability. By using proper commutation strategy, safe commutation of load current is
possible, thus eliminating the risk of short-circuit and over-voltage spikes. This topology has reduced
conduction losses as only two active devices are used to conduct current in either direction. These basic
features allow this topology to be superior to the one described in the previous example. Depending upon
the application, common-emitter or common-collectoro shown in Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-6 respectively,
configurations can be used for constructing a bi-directional switch. A common-emitter configuration
requires an isolated power supply for gate driver circuitry for each bi- directional switch, but this
configuration is helpful in providing transients benefits during switching as well as reducing
electromagnetic interference (EMI) effects.
Figure 3-5: Common-emiffer configuration for a bi-directional switch
2t
J-
Figure 3-6: Common-collector configuration for a bi-directional switch
3.2 Commutation strategies for bi-directional switch
The commutation for a bi-directional switch, consisting of two IGBTs with series diodes connected in
antiparallel manner, can be based on measuring output load current or input voltage across the commutating
bi-directional switches. For the discussion to follow, refer to Figure 3-7. When the output phase needs to
be commutated from one input phase to other, it must satisff following tworules
i)the commutation from one input phase to the other should not short circuit the two input phases.
The short circuit in the input phases leads to destructive current spikes which arc fatal for the
switching devices;
the commutation should not intemrpt the output load current. Intemrpting the flow of inductive
current leads to overvoltage spikes which are likely to destroy the IGBTdevices.
In order to ensure the above conditions are met, it is required to know either the sign of the input voltage
across the switches or the direction of the output load current before a safe commutation sequence is
applied. [8-14].
Outpu! phase
Input phases
ii)
+vl
swlB
sw2f l"
R+
v2
Lsw2B
Figure 3-7: Two-phase to one-phase current commutation using bi-directional switches
22
3.3 Four-step commutation by measuring output load current
A reliable method for current commutation involves a four-step commutation strategy which can be used
to control the direction of current through the commutation switches [15]. The goal of this strategy is to
strictly follow the aforementioned two rules for safe commutation. In order to explain this strategy, consider
the two-phase circuit shown in Figure 3-7. In the circuit, the output load current Io is assumed to be positive,
if it flows from input to output phase. The subscript "F" represents the forward or positive direction of
current flow whereas, subscript "B'means backward or negative direction of the current flow. It can be
seen that the forward current, from input phase to output phase, flows through switches named as SWlrand
SW2n, and the backward current, from output phase to input phase, flows through switches named as SWln
and SW2n.
By looking at the circuit, the following combination ofnon-hazardous combinations of switching sequences
can be achieved.
Table 3-l: Non-hazardous devices combination for current commutation
In Table 3-1, a logic-high or logic-one (l) means the IGBT is ON or conducting whereas, a logic-low or
logic-zero (0) means that the IGBT is OFF or open. Any other combination of switching signals will violate
either of the two rules for safe-commutation. States I and 2 are called Steady States and states 3 till 8 are
called Transitional States. The commutation of switches should start from a steady state and end in the other
steady state while going through three transitional states.
Suppose, in the circuit shown in Figure 3-7, switch SWI is turning off and SW2 is coming on. Assume that
the output load current Io is flowing in the positive directions. The current commutation from the
State SWlr SWls SW2r SW2n
Output
current (Io)
I I 1 0 0 *or-
2 0 0 I I *or-
J 1 0 0 0 +
4 0 0 I 0 +
5 0 I 0 +
6 0 I 0 0
7 0 0 0 I
8 0 I 0 I
23
outgoing switch SWl to the incoming switch, SW2, based on output current direction, involves the
following four steps:
i) the IGBT from the outgoing switch that is not conducting the output current is turned off. In
this case, SWlnis tumed off;
ii) the IGBT from the incoming switch that will conduct the output current is tumed on. In this
case, SW2r is furnedon;
iii) the IGBT from the outgoing switch that is conducting the output curent is turned on. In this
case, SWlris turned off,
iv) the IGBT from the incoming switch that will not conduct the output current is tumed on. In
this case, SW2s is turned on.
In case the output current in following in the opposite direction, i.e. from the output phase to the input
phase, the commutation from outgoing switch SW1 to the incoming switch SW2 is performed in the
following steps:
IGBT SWlris turned off
IGBT SW2eis turned on;
IGBT SWlsis tumed off;
IGBT SW2ris turned on.
The commutation sequence can be summarized in the state machine diagram shown in Figure 3-8. It should
be noted that there is a built-in time delay ta in between each transition. This time delay should be greater
than the maximum propagation delays required by the IGBT gating signals.
S1r Slr ! 52r S2r
D
ii)
iii)
iv)
10:00 01:00
lo 0 lo 0
0 0:11
Slr Sfu ! S2r S2r
Sle.dJ slrt€s
St€p 2 - TD2
Step 3 - TD3
Step 4 - TD4
Figure 3-8: Four-step switching diagram for two bi-directional switches based on output loadcurrent
24
3.4 Four-step commutation by measuring input voltage sign
In the previous method, the output load current was used to properly commutate between two-input phases.
This section will describe another method for current commutation between the two input phases. This
commutation technique is based on the sign of the input voltage across the bi-directional switches which
are involved in the commutation [16].
As with the commutation using load current, this strategy assumes that when an output phase is connected
to the input phase, both the IGBT devices for the corresponding bi-directional switch are on. A general
strategy is to identiff the freewheeling diodes between the two bi-directional switches. Freewheeling diode
paths are those that allow the current to follow from lower input phase to higher input phase voltage.
Consider the circuit shown in Figure 3-9. For the first case consider the voltage at SWl, i.e. Vl is at higher
potential than voltage across SW2, i.e. V2. The IGBTs that aid freewheeling diodes path for the current to
flow from Y2 to Vl are SW2r and SWls. The current commutation from SWI to SW2 involves the
following steps:
IGBT of the incoming switch aiding the freewheeling diode, i.e. SW2ris tumed ON;
IGBT of the outgoing switch present in non-freewheeling current path, i.e. SWlr is turned
OFF;
IGBT of the incoming switch present in the non-freewheeling current path, i.e. SW2sis
turned ON;
IGBT of the outgoing switch aiding the freewheeling diode, i.e. SWls is turned OFF;
swtr
vlr
Output phase
Input phases Freewheeling Diode crrront
Parhsw2r I"
+
v2
sw2u
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
R
L
Figure 3-9: Freewheel diode current path when Vl > V2
In the case when Vl < V2, the current commutation from SWl to SW2 involves the followingsteps:
25
IGBT of the incoming switch aiding the freewheeling diode, i.e. SW2n is turned ON;
IGBT of the outgoing switch present in non-freewheeling current path, i.e. SWls is tumed
OFF;
IGBT of the incoming switch present in the non-freewheeling current path, i.e. SW2ris
turned ON;
IGBT of the outgoing switch aiding the freewheeling diode, i.e. SWlr is turned OFF;
This switching signal is presented in a state machine diagram in Figure 3-10. As in the case of load current
based current commutation, states where only both IGBTs for the bi-directional switch are on are called
steady states and remaining states are called transitional states. A small delay time between each transition
is required to account for the propagation delays in the gating signals for theIGBTs.
Sfu Sfu ! S2r S2e
v1 v20 1vt
01:11 10:1 1
0 0:11
S1r Sls ! S2r S2e
Figure 3-10: Four-step switching state machine diagram for two bi-directional switches based oninput
voltage sign
3.5 Commutation Methodology for Single Phase RSVC
For the development of the bidirectional switches in RSVC, voltage-based current commutation is
chosen over the output load current commutation. For single-phase voltage, the bi-directional switch
commutation become relatively simpler as it only involves detecting the sign of the main line with respect
to the neutral point. For a balanced three-phase system, neutral is often grounded (zero potential), thus V2
in the circuit shown in Figure 3-9 reduces to zero volts.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
TnnsiiionrlTmnsitionrl
1 1:0 0
tt:t 11:0
Step 1 -TDl
Step 2 -TD2
Step 3 -TD3
0 L
Step 4 -TD4
26
Detection of voltage sign is done using a high-accuracy analog-to-digital converter. An incorrect
measurement of the voltage sign during the commutation process will produce a short circuit path. For
RSVC, detection of voltage sign is achieved using a ADC from Maxim Integrated Santa FE
(MAXREFDES5#) [17]. This ADC is capable of 16-bit high-accuracy analog to digital conversion that
accepts -10V to +lOV analog signals. Digital output from ADC is then passed on to programmable devices
like micro-controller or FPGA for the execution of the proper state machine sequence.
27
3.6 References
[] Shuming Xu, R. Plikat, R. Constapel, J. Korec and D. Silber, "Bidirectional LIGBT on SOI substrate
with high frequency and high temperature capability," Power Semiconductor Devices and IC's, 1997.
ISPSD' 9 7, 1 9 97 I EEE International Symposium on, W eimar, 1997, pp. 37 -40.
[2] Ying-Keung Leung, A. K. Paul, J. D. Plummer and S. S. Wong, "Lateral IGBT in thin SOI for high
voltage, high speed power IC," in IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 45, no. 10, pp.225l-2254,
Oct 1998.
[3] IXYS (2003) Bidirectional Switch with NPT3 IGBT and fast Diode Bridge [Online]. Available:
http://www I .futureel ectronics.corn/doc/ixys/fi o5 0- 1 2bd.pdf
[4] S. Bemet, T. Matsuo and T. A. Lipo, "A matrix converter using reverse blocking NPT-IGBTs and
optimized pulse patterns," Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1996. PESC '96 Record., 27th Annual
IEEE, Baveno, 1996,pp.107-l l3 vol.l.
[5] P. D. Ziogas, S. L Khan and M. H. Rashid, "Analysis and Design of Forced Commutated Cycloconverter
Structures with Improved Transfer Characteristics," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,vol.
IE-33, no. 3, pp. 271-280,Aug. 1986.
[6] C. L. Neft and C. D. Schauder, "Theory and design of a 30-hp matrix converter," in IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 546-55l,MaylJl;r:,1992.
[7] A. Alesina and M. G. B. Venturini, "Analysis and design of optimum-amplitude nine-switch direct AC-
AC converters," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. l, pp. l0l-112, Jan 1989.
[8] C. Klumpner, P. Nielsen, I. Boldea and F. Blaabjerg, "New steps towards a low-cost power electronic
building block for matrix converters," Industry Applications Conference, 2000. Conference Record of the
2000 IEEE, Rome, 2000, pp. 1964-1971vo1.3.
[9]M.Ziegler andW. Hofiiann, "Semi natural two steps commutation strategy for matrixconverters,"
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1998. PESC 98 Record. 29th Annual IEEE, Fukuoka, 1998, pp.
727-737 vol.l.
28
[10] Z. Empringham, P. W. Wheeler and J. C. Clare, "Intelligent commutation of motrix converter bi-
directional switch cells using novel gate drive techniques, " Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1998.
PESC 98 Record. 29th Annual IEEE, Fukuoka, 1998, pp. 707-713 vol.l.
I l] B. H. Kwon, B. D. Min and J. H. Kim, "Novel commutation technique of AC-AC converters," in IEE
Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 295-300, Jul 1998.
112) C. Klumpner, P. Nielsen, I. Boldea and F. Blaabjerg, "A new matrix converter motor (MCM) for
industry applications," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronlcs, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 325-335, Apr
2002.
[ 3] J. L. Galvez, X. Jorda, M. Vellvehi, J. Millan, M. A. Jose-Prieto and J. Martin, "Intelligent bidirectional
power switch module for matrix converter applications," Power Electronics and Applications, 2007
European Conference on, Aalborg,2007, pp. 1-9.
[4] P. W. Wheeler, J. Rodriguez, J. C. Clare, L. Empringham and A. Weinstein, "Matrix converters: a
technology review," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 27 6-288, Apr 2002.
[15] L. Empringham, P. Wheeler and J. Clare, "A matrix converter induction motor drive using intelligent
gate drive level current commutation techniques," Industry Applications Conference, 2000. Conference
Record of the 2000 IEEE, Rome,2000, pp. 1936-1941 vol.3.
[6] J. Mahlein, J. Igney, J. Weigold, M. Braun and O. Simon, "Matrix converter commutation strategies
with and without explicit input voltage sign measurement," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 407 -414, Apr 2002.
llTl [Online] Available: https://www.maximintegrated.com/enldesign/reference-desisn-center/s],stem-
board/556l.html
29
4 PnoToTYPp T}ESIGN AND STnaULATION
RnSULTS
Residential Static VAr Compensator (RSVC) is conceived as device that can provide voltage stability at
the distribution level of the power system. SVCs exist at the transmission level of the power system, but
they are non-existence at the distribution level renders utilities to opt for solutions that lead to switching
transients and overvoltage problems [-2]. The prototype design for RSVC is for a 25 kVA pole-mounted
transformer typically serving three residential homes. The concept of RSVC is an extension of already
developed SVC that are in-service on the transmission side ofthe power system. In contrary to SVC, RSVC
regulates residential voltages, especially during peak demand hours, when the benefits coincide best with
the interests of customers and those of the electric companies. These RSVCs provide an additional tool for
smart demand-side management. By remotely controlling RSVCs, utilities can apply CVR at specified
individual locations during peak demand hours. The device is developed with a goal to maximize VAr
compensation advantages and minimize the cost of components involved. It is the role of electric utility
companies to develop strategies for CVR. A proposed solution involves installing an RSVC device at the
pole mounted transformer which will decrease the voltage before each customer's service main. RSVC
design can be easily scaled up for larger residential homes, buildings, and even neighborhoods with single-
phase or three-phase service transformers. The discussion in this chapter is based on designing a single
phase RSVC that will serve a typical 25-kVA residential load from a pole- mounted service transformer. A
complete open-loop design for RSVC along with reactive component sizing and bidirectional switches
topology is presented towards the end of this chapter.
4.1 Distribution Network Modeling
The prototype of a RSVC is designed to serve single-phase residential loads connected to a 25 kVA pole
mounted service transformer. For sizing RSVC reactive components, it is deemed necessary to analyze the
primary side of the pole mounted transformer so that the strength of substation network as seen from the
RSVC device is included in the simulation. ln general, an ideal distribution network will appear as an
infinite bus with negligible reactance to an RSVC device.
To study the effects of distribution network on RSVC, a 5-milelong distribution feeder serving five
uniformly distributed 1 MW loads was modelled using 397.5 MCM ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel
30
Reinforced) conductor. The secondary sides of the service transformers are held at 0.95 per unit i.e., the
minimum allowable service voltage outlined in ANSI c84.1, by using reactivegenerators.
.1.69 MW
1.07 l.lnr 397.5 kCM 397.5 kCM 397.5 rcM 397.5 rcM 397.5 kCM
1,mO pu
0.00 DcC
0,96 0.95 pu
0.9763 pu 0.95 pu 0.94 pu
.l!r.$AMP .14.58 AMP
0,9501 pu 0,9501 pu 0.9502 pu 0.9502 pu 0.9502 pu
0,90 Mw
0.00 llvu 0.90 r'rw
0.00 ltlur 0.90 Mw
0.00 t4v!r 0.9, r"rw
0.00 ifvlr 0.90 Mw
0.@ ltvar
0.00 Mw
-0.$ l"inr
0.00 Mw
-0.19 I'tvil
0.00 Mw
-0.01 Mw
0.00 Mw
0.09 tltvr
0.00 Mw
0.14 llve
Figure 4-l: PowerWorld Model for a Distribution Network
Figure 4-l shows a model of a distribution feeder that is being fed by a substation. The substation is modeled
as an ideal source that can server any power require by the distribution network. The distribution network
consists of five distributed loads of I MW at unrty power factor. The parameters used to calculate the
Thevenin impedance equivalent of the distribution feeder are as follow; the power base is 100 MVA; the
voltagebaseis 240Y; theleakagereactancefortheservicetransformeris 10% ina2 MVAbase. The
reactive generator maintains the voltage at the secondary of service transformer at 0.95 per unit by providing
the reactive power that is specified in Table 4-l . In Table 4- 1 , the reactive generator that is closer to the
substation is labeled as Ql and so on. The total active and reactive power supplied by the substation is 4.86
MW and 1.09 MVArrespectively.
In order to calculate the strength of the distribution networh the Thevenin equivalent of the distribution
network is found at a suitable point from the substation. In this case, the Thevenin equivalent of the
distribution network is calculated at the third generation point. Figure 4-2 shows the impedance diagram
for the distribution network in Figure 4-1. The components value in impedance diagram are in per unit
system referred to the low side of service transformer.
31
Table 4-l: Reactive power requirement for each generator in the DistributionNetwork
Reactive
Generator
Reactive
Power
(MVAr)
Reactance
(per unit)
Q1 -0.48 -208.33
Q2 -0.19 -526.32
Q3 -0.01 -10000
Q4 0.09 L77L.77
Q5 0.14 714.29
!
j7tr.0, {8 1755.07 @ {E r
I
I
j7$.07
I
I
I
r
I
:-
r
I
:-
js js
GetrGrator
o
D
o
D
o
D
L,=j20u3 R'=100 14=j20t.33 Rr=100 Lr-j10000 R:=100 C.--jllll.ll &-100 Cs--i711-29 Ri = 100
Thevenin Equiv!l€nr l@klng
itrto thispoirt
Figure 4-2: Eqtivalent impedance circuit for distribution network to calculate Thevenin impedacnce
Using a MATLAB script to solve the equations, the Thevenin impedance value Z7p comes out to be
0.0501 + j0.0086. The result shows that a distribution network will appear as an infinite bus to an RSVC
device.
4.2 Residential Loads Modeling
Residential loads vary enormously and involve sophisticated load modeling algorithms to predict the
residential load profiles [3-5]. The primary purpose for RSVC is to regulate residential loads for CVR
application. This voltage regulation is mainly dependent on the size of the reactive components involved.
Therefore, a general perception of the load profile is sufficient to model residentialloads.
For RSVC, residential loads were modeled using load profiles provided by Avista for Spokane downtown
network for the year of 2013. The load profile data is available on per hour basis. In order to understand the
behavior of residential loads at the distribution transformer, the power factor of the load was
32
LB Lr.
o
D
o
D
j755.0t {E r
I
L
jr55.07 sttrttJ:.
calculated using the load profiles. Based on power factor calculated, average power factors were determined
for winter peak month and summer peakmonth.
Figure 4-3 shows power factor variation during January 2073 and June 2013. The dashed line in Figure 4-
3 represents the average power factor calculated for each peak. The average power factor for winter peak
is found out to be 0.9446 (lagging) while the average power factor for summer peak is found out to be
0.8724 (lagging).
i
1
n,&
o.B2
,.3
JrMrry20l! pf lwd.r Fa pO- Pcl3t. hrl ll32l, OomM
' 'l- I\fr \A.,.rr ifl,,Iltl J I tr ldrll L/n [ .Jn.l I Ul fli l11 /h rll-rr HIt I .r. irll It
I rI Ir I r tI' 'rilt tll
I III lrf ,tu illl u'
25
Jun. fi11
t5I d D.y.
Figure 4-3: Power Factor variation during January'l3 and June'I3 for Post St. West 13521 Downtown
Spokane, WA
15toI d Dryt
- Pilt 3r. kt l3f1- bnliln
6{
.t n.a
As stated earlier, the voltage regulation capability of RSVC is mainly dependent on the size of reactive
components involved. Therefore, a general idea regarding the residential loads is sufficient to properly
simulate the RSVC device with residential customer loads fed from a 25-kVA pole-mounted service
transformer. For the purpose of RSVC, the power factor for residential loads were considered to be 0.95
lagging. The resistive and inductive component of the load model were calculated to be 2.4253 O and
19.57 26 mH respectively.
4.3 Modeling Service Transformer Leakage Reactance
Leakage reactance plays an important role when considering the operation for an RSVC. The proposed
location for an RSVC installation will be in close proximity of the service transformer. Thus, it becomes
increasingly important to study the effects of leakage reactance for the servicetransformer.
A tu
^hA n Lr L I r rh^/'tr fl l'\I \+t-r-': {l+
H {ll l,{
,lIP Ilr
JJ
In an ideal transformer, all the flux will link with both primary and secondary windings of the transformer.
However, in practice it is impossible to link all the flux with both primary and secondary of the transformer.
There will be a small amount of flux which will leak out of the either of the windings. This flux is called
leakage flux which will pass through the winding insulation thus contributing to the leakage reactance of
the transformer. While sizing the SVC components, the transformer leakage reactance was assumed to
vary between l0o/o to 20Yo of the rated transformer reactance X;,ros"4the
parameters used to calculate the transformer leakage reactance are similar to parameters used for
modeling Thevenin equivalent of the distribution network i.e. the power base is 100 MVA; and the voltage
base is 240 Y. Assuming the core resistance is negligible, for l0%o or 0.1 per unit of the rated service
transformer reactance, the leakage reactance is 0.2304 O whereas for 20%o or 0.2 per unit the leakage
reactance is 0.4608 O.
4.4 RSVC Reactive Component Sizing
The discussion in this section focuses on the RSVC circuit that is shown in Figure 4-4. As discussed in the
previous two sections, the leakage reactance for transformer is assumed to be l0 % of the rated transformer
impedance and residential loads at distribution transformer are modeled at 0.95 lagging power factor. It is
assumed that an addition 5 %o reactance of cable wiring is also present and it is combined with the
transformer reactance.
The most important design parameter for an RSVC is its reactive components. The success of RSVC relies
on its ability to regulate the voltage at the service transformer. Reactive power needs are highly dependent
on the load profiles for specific service transformer but in order to generalize the RSVC design, worst-case
scenarios for voltage regulations were considered to size the reactivecomponents.
A capacitor provides reactive support by providing VArs to the power system. Adding VArs to the power
system aid in boosting the receiving end voltage as discussed in the previous chapter. For residential
customers, the minimum permissible voltage is minus 5% of the ANSI c84.1 standard. Therefore, RSVC
capacitive power needs should be calculated in order to maintain the minimum nominal voltage at service
transformers. As reactor (Lsvc) contributes in absorbing the VArs, it can be isolated from the proposed
RSVC design by opening switch SWl. The reactor is essentially cut off from the remaining circuit when
switch SWI is opened and reactor current flows through switch SW2. The simulations performed resulted
in a capacitive reactive power of 10.205 kVAr. Simulation results for capacitor modeling is shown in Figure
4-5.
34
Transformer Reactance
Output Voltage
Figure 4.4-1: RSVC circuit for calculating Fixed Capacitor
The proposed RSVC design is based on Fixed-Capacitor with PWM switched inductor. Once the reactive
requirements for RSVC capacitors are determined, the reactor can be sized accordingly to meet the reactive
power needs. As with the case of sizing capacitor, reactor is modeled at the worst-case voltage condition
for CVR purpose. This condition will occur when the distribution transformer is operating at the nominal
voltage i.e.240 V. In addition to nominal voltage at the service transformer, the effect for the RSVC fixed
capacitor must be included for determining the reactive power requirement for a reactor. In other words,
the reactor is sized to compensate the voltage at service transformer along with the VArs added by the
35
.I
J
t
!
Figure 4.4-2: Simulation result for RSVC capacitor modeling when AC mains voltage is 228 V
lnad
Lr=19.6mH
=2.4253A
lq= 916.7ttH
Capacitor
Csvc Bidirectional
sw2
Switch
swr
t-
Lsvc
Bidirectional
Switch
Based Switched
Inductor
RSVC fixed capacitors. The simulations performed resulted in a reactor reactive power of
LL.752 kVAr. The simulation results for inductor modeling are shown in Figure4-6.
Figure 4-6: Simulation result for RSVC inductor modeling with fixed capacitor and at AC mains voltage
of240Y
4.5 Summary for RSVC Reactive Requirements
Table 4-2 shows a summary of the RSVC reactive requirements for different distribution transformer
reactance.
Table 4-2: Reactive requirements for RSVC
?zt
6
Transformer Reactance (including the wire
reactance)
(o/o of rated transformer reactance)
Load Reactive
Requirement
Rr(ohms)Kr(ohms)Qc(kVAr)Qr(kVAr)
10
2.43 7.39 10.205
L1.752
15
2.43 7.39
L7.4 6.79
20
2.43 7.39 t2.594
3.819
36
From the table above it is found that the reactive requirements for the SVC components are reasonable for
a reactance of l5Yo. This value of reactance is realistic for a llYo transformer reactance plus an additional
5% of cable wiring.
4.6 Simulation Results for RSVC
Simulation for RSVC was done using a fixed capacitor of l0 kVAr capacitor and inductor of 17.752
kVAr. The leakage inductance of distribution transformer was modeled as l0o/o of the rated reactance.
Figure 4-7 shows the simulation model for RSVC. The simulation results were obtained a switching
frequency of I kHz and a fixed duty cycle of 0.5. The simulation results presented in this section are
compiled by Simulink and plotted in Matlab forreadability.
Figure 4-7: RSVC Simulink model with fixed capacitor and switched inductor havingbidirectional
switches
4.6.1 Gate driving signals
In the Simulink model, gate driving signals were generated using Xilinx System Generator which
incorporated the hardware descriptive language procedures to produce the logical conditions for
bidirectional switch commutation. Figure 4-8 shows the transitioning from top bidirectional switch to
bottom bidirectional switch and vice versa for both voltage polarities. It is important that commutation from
one switch to another switch is performed following the state machines described in Figure 3-10. An
Ir_srcl
E
1 Load
Load
[_sw2l
ll_lnd@to4
tv_srcl
ct
Tnmtcmcr
L.!l0ga
AC
t,ivi--*l
So@e
Some
Cffi
c3
PWit
Swltcrrd
hdBtor
cr
Btslrccuml
Swltch
Edt.ctbml
Surltch
5t
incorrect transition state will result in huge current and voltage spikes that will destroy the switching
devices.
!/\
I
!t
I
Figure 4-8: RSVC commutation sequences for bidirectional switches
4.6.2 Input and Output Voltage Waveforms
As mentioned in the previous chapters, PWM-switched inductor with conventional relays poses two serious
hazards for the safe operation of RSVC. These threats include the shortening of the AC mains and opening
a continuous inductive current. To mitigate these hazards, a bidirectional switch with safe commutation
strategy is proposed. This commutation strategy ensures that the mains input is not shorted at any instant
during the operation of RSVC. Figure 4-9 shows the simulation result for the input and output voltage which
indicates that AC mains remains sinusoidal without shortening phase to neutral.
I
38
atziaI
5
-r
Figure 4-9: Simulation results for RSVC input and output voltage
4.6.3 Inductor voltage and current waveforms
An important parameter of success for RSVC operation is that the inductor current remains sinusoidal which
results in fewer or no harmonics. Figure 4-10 shows the output for the RSVC inductor current and RSVC
inductor voltage. It can be seen that inductor voltage is chopped replica of the input AC mains waveform
for the time specified by the duty cycle of the top bidirectional switch. Also the inductor current, which lags
the inductor voltage by about 90", remains sinusoidal throughout the operation of RSVC irrespective of the
duty cycle at which the inductor is switched.
39
.ilffiIll.
d!tuil[h
ulll]lffiI
t!u[!,uilI Iil1!,I TflII unu
3
E
!
!
aa
EI
Iot:
I /\-,\
I
r {I
I 'I I I 1\t r
I \_/
Figure 4-10: Simulation results for RSVC inductor voltage and RSVC inductorcurrent
4.6.4 Current through bidirectional switches
Bidirectional switches have the capability to conduct current in both directions. Current through the top and
bottom switch combine to form an envelope of the total inductor current. Figure 4-11 shows the current
through top and bottom switches of the RSVC. There is a commutation period which prohibits the
commutation ofthe gate driver signals near zero crossing of the input voltage. In this way, the commutation
of gate signals is properly carried out and the possibility of detecting the wrong sign of input voltage near
zero crossings is eliminated.
40
a"
r
E-'
6
t
,1 I',ltr
illl lll llfl til $.
,illt llti .illlt ,ll11 llll ,
ritiflilt lllfi ,tfililfl [IlL I
Iil ill t1illJ'Illl
iltu 'tlllt lll I]U'Ils -illl ill
II tllt [,ut lfl'Itr rIfl ff Uilff
aa
I
5
Figure 4-11: Simulation results for RSVC top and bottom bidirectional switches
4.6.5 RSVC output voltage for different duty cycles
The switched inductance value varies inversely with the square of the duty cycle amounting to a
continuously-variable inductor. This means that the reactive power absorbed by the inductor can be adjusted
by controlling the duty cycle of the top and bottom switches. The RSVC uses this dynamic reactive power
to regulate the residential voltages. In Figure 4-l2,the duty cycle of the top switch was varied from 0.2 to
0.8. It can be seen that the RSVC output voltage reduces as the duty cycle increases. Thus by controlling
the duty cycle, it is possible to regulate the residentialvoltage.
M
1&
3m
2@
l&
s
g
.!E
Z
E
4
E
E
6
.9
o
E
o2
\
tI\\I
-Rs@@
qdDdvohrdDr0r
\
t
l \\
t I
-RsMV&---ffiRmW
im
-2@
g-95 9.9$ 9.* 0.S Clr !!i5 C#9.*a
lt I
\\
-xswqSiMvfu
M
1@
0
nm
s
!
Eo
d
A /\
l-:
\
\
1 []
./.r; 99S e i" .,'--r 1!i 1t:: t *
tim(Gl
Figure 4-12: Simulation results for RSVC output voltages at different duty cycles of bidirectional switch
4t
4.7 Low-Voltage RSVC Testing
Lab testing of the RSVC at low voltage was performed using a fixed capacitor of 10 kVAr capacitor and a
low-rated laboratory inductor. The leakage inductance of distribution transformer was modeled as l0% of
the rated reactance. The switching frequency was set to 12 kHz with fixed 50 % dnty cycle. Figure 4-13
shows the lab testing model of the RSVC. Initial testing of the RSVC model was performed without the
residential loads with AC mains voltage set at 30Vrms.
PWM BASEO SWrICHEO
INDUCIOR
Figure 4-13:Lab testing model for RSVC
4.7.1 Gate driving signals
Figure 4-14 shows the gate driving signals for the bidirectional switches. These signals were generated
using Spartan3E Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board. In order to turn on the high power IGBTs,
opto-isolators are used to provide the required currents to drive the low power FPGA signals. Opto-isolators
provide a high electrical isolation between the high and low terminals allowing relatively small FPGA
digital signals to control much large AC mains voltages, currents andpower.
-t
AC
LEAXAGE
REACIANCE swl
{
lswlA
{
swlB
2r
,*rl {
5W2B
-l
l-o,rn-
L-
J
-t
42
SBlistics
Figure 4-14: Gate signals generated using FPGA
4.7.2 Input and Output Voltage Waveforms
As mentioned previously, an important criterion for measuring successful operation of RSVC device is
preventing short-circuiting of the input voltage.
Figure 4-15 shows the input and output voltages. The top waveform represents the AC mains and the
bottom chopped waveform shows the output of RSVC without loads.
,i:ra- rd:,rr
Figure 4-15: Experimental result at low voltage for RSVC input voltage and outputvoltage
43
4.7.3 Inductor currentwaveform
The first waveform in Figure 4-16 shows the input voltage; the second represents the output voltage and
the third shows the inductor current. The inductor current is scaled as 100 mV/A. The inductor current is
continuous and produce little harmonics. It is important to keep the prohibition period for commutation as
little as possible. Even though this period aids in detecting the correct sign of the input voltage but a large
prohibition period will cause the inductor to become non-sinusoidal.
Figure 4-16: Experimental result at low voltage for RSVC inductorcurrent
4.7.4 Inductor voltage waveform
The ou@ut voltage across the inductor should be a chopped replica of the input AC mains. Figure 4-17
shows the AC mains voltage and chopped inductor voltage. For the sake of clarity, the switching frequency
was lowered to I kHz.
hrrart
44
Figure 4-17: Experimental result at low voltage for RSVC inductorvoltage
4.7.5 Current through top bidirectional switches
The first waveform in Figure 4-18 shows the input voltage, the second represents the output voltage and
the third shows the current through the top bidirectional switch. This current waveform is a chopped
envelope for the inductor current. The current is scaled as 100 mV/A
t)Cotffts0c
Unlit knnrt Probr
Figure 4-18: Experimental result at low voltage for RSVC current through top switch
45
4.8 Hardware Prototype Board
After the successful testing of RSVC operation at low voltage, an RSVC prototype was developed for
testing the operation of RSVC at rated voltage and current. Figure 4-19 andFigure 4-20 show the schematic
and layout of the RSVC prototype board respectively. The low-power electronics is electrically isolated
from the high-power IGBTs (or MOSFETs) using opto-isolators. These opto-isolators provide necessary
current to tum on the IGBTs when digital high is applied from the FPGAboard.
Figure 4-19: RSVC prototype board schematics
HIGH POI,JER SI]ITCHiNG CIRCUIT LOI] POIIER ELECTRONICS
.,U,,_-,.€
a
RSUC-MODULE-REU1
C
a
a
C]
]'l
,+.''!i,
.i I-'
F
EI
E-
EI
Figure 4-20: RSVC prototype board layout
46
4.8.1 RSVC hardware prototype testing
Figure 4-21 shows the RSVC hardware prototype testing setup. The switching board is mounted on heat
sinks to dissipate the heat generated by the bidirectional switching devices. Testing for RSVC prototype is
undergoing.
;-
-e
-d
UL;!99
-lr
Figure 4-21: RSVC hardware prototype testing
4.8.2 Problems encountered during RSVC hardware testing
Initial testing of RSVC was performed with prototype switching board. Figure 4-22 shows the result of
the inductor voltage. The chopped inductor has some spikes whenever the top switch is tumed on.
Moreover, an abnormal behavior was detected during the prohibition period forcommutation.
Detailed testing for the RSVC prototype is left for the next phase. Results complied with the RSVC
prototype testing will be incorporated in the next phase report.
47
20.0v/
Manu
-13.881 500.0u stop f [ -55.0r
l/0 File Explorer-.-0ptions
-.r
Service+La n guag e++
Figure 4-22: Problems encountered during RSVC prototype testing
4.9 References
[1] T. E. Grebe, "Application of distribution system capacitor banks and their impact on power quality," in
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32,no.3,pp.714-719, May/Jun 1996.
[2] R. A. Adams, S. W. Middlekauff, E. H. Camm and J. A. McGee, "Solving customer power quality
problenrs due to voltage magnification," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no.4, pp. l5l5-
1520, Oct 1998.
t3] G. C. Giaconia, G. Fiscelli, F. L. Bue, A. Di Stefano, D. La Cascia and R. Miceli, "Integration of
distributed on site control actions via combined photovoltaic and solar panels system," Clean Electrical
Potver, 2009 International Conference on,Capri,2009, pp. 171-lll.
[4] F. Y. Xu, X. Wang, L.L.Lai and C. S. Lai, "Agent-Based Modeling and Neural Network for Residential
Customer Demand Response," 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systents, Man, and Cybernetics,
Manchester, 2013, pp. 1 3 12-13 16.
[5] A. Capasso, W. Grattieri, R. Lamedica and A. Prudenzi, "A bottom-up approach to residential load
modeling," in IEEE Transqctions on Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 957-964,May 1994.
I r I r I tl r r tt tt r i r rr ll irl rf r.t tt rlrht:Ltttrr
l":
48
5 Srunv MprHoDor-,oGY
5.1 Analysis Tools
5.1.1 OpenDSS
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Open-Source Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS) is a
comprehensive electrical system simulation tool developed to perform most analyses required by utilities
in distribution networks. OpenDSS can be implemented as a stand-alone executable program, or can be
driven by a variety of well-known software tools through a Component Object Model (COM) interface.
Two of the most popular software tools used to drive OpenDSS are MS Offrce Tool through Visual Basic
Applications (VBA) and MATLAB from Mathworks. The ability to be driven by a third-party analysis
program makes OpenDSS a powerful software tool.
OpenDSS can compile user-written models by using Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL), allowing the user to
focus on the model of the device and let OpenDSS handle the distribution system modeling. The DLL can
be written in most common programming languages.
Figure 5-l shows the basic architecture of OpenDSS. The software accepts entries from different sources
such as user-written DLLs, COM interface, and its own script language. OpenDSS is able to display results
and also export them in the form of csv files for post-processing the data using a third-party software [1].
SorLptr
lleln Slaulatlon
Englne
Sarlpt
Regults
Urer-Itl.ttea
DLL'
oct II:''-_
tnterf,ace
Figure 5-l: OpenDSS architecture
49
The OpenDSS tool has been used for:
o Distribution planning and analysis.
o General multi-phase AC circuits analysis.
. Analysis ofdistributed generationinterconnections.
o Annual load and generation simulations.
o Wind plant simulations.
o Analysis of unusual transformer configurations.
o Harmonic and inter-harmonic analysis.
o Neutral-to-earth voltage simulations.
o Development of IEEE test feeder cases.
The program has several built-in solution modes, including:
o Snapshotpowerflow
o Daily power flow
o Yearly power flow
o Harmonics
o Dynamics
o Fault study
OpenDSS accepts data in different formats, minimizing the conversion effort by utilities and users.
OpenDSS allows data entry using tables, and is also script-based which provides the flexibility to model
almost any configuration.
In recent years, many of the new Distributed Generation (DG) projects have been connected to the sub-
transmission and distribution networks. Traditionally, distribution networks have been radial, and with the
increase of DG in distribution networks, a software simulator able to model distribution networks with
multiple sources was needed [2].
OpenDSS was developed to meet the need of distribution networks with multiple sources and power
flowing in both directions. OpenDSS is also able to capture the time and location dependence of DG, giving
a more accurate model of a distribution network with DG. OpenDSS has a frequency-domain simulation
engine with features to create models of electric power distribution systems and to perform any types of
analysis related to distribution planning and powerquality.
50
5.1.2 GridPV
GridPV is a toolbox for MATLAB@ developed at Georgia Institute of Technology and Sandia National
Laboratories. It is a collection of functions that facilitate the use of OpenDSS via the COM interface.
GridPV is a well-documented tool for Matlab that can be used to build distribution grid performance models
using OpenDSS. Simulations with this tool can be used to evaluate the impact of solar energy on the
distribution system. The majority of the functions are useful for interfacing OpenDSS and Matlab, and they
are of generic use for commanding OpenDSS from Matlab and retrieving information from simulations [3].
Although GridPV was developed to study the integration of solar, the toolbox was of great use in this
project. The ability to extract data from the simulations and apply complex control algorithms to modiff
the simulation parameters helped streamline the simulationprocess.
5.2 Data Conversion
The nature of the study requires the ability to perform time-series analysis also known as pseudo or quasi
steady-state time-series (QSTS). At the time this project was performed, PowerWorld (PW) and SynerGI
were in the early stages of developing time-series analysis and were not ready to perform the studies
required for this project. Due to the limitations of PW and SyngerGl, the use of OpenDSS was needed. The
data from both models was translated from PW and SynerGI to OpenDSS.
5.2.1 PowerWorld Data Conversion
The data provided by Avista for this section of project includes the following information for the downtown
Spokane power network.
o Downtown networkmaps
o PowerWorld Model (peak load)
o Primary feeder maps
o Secondary feeder maps
o Hourly load data including kW, kVAR and PF from 2013-2015
The PowerWorld model was solved to ensure the case converged without any erors. Once the model
converged, the data was sent to excel in a .xlsx format by using the export tool inside PowerWorld. Once
the data was in excel, the data was separated into several files, one file for substation transformers, one for
lines, one for loads and frnally one for service transformers.
51
Using the spreadsheets, each of the files were manipulated to match the proper OpenDSS input format.
Each file was tested separately to facilitate the debugging process. A master file was created to test the
entire four networks at the same time.
OpenDSS can only have one circuit active at any given time, but it has the ability to create an unlimited
number of subnetworks. To overcome this limitation, an equivalent voltage source was created to represent
the I 15 kV system, then four subnetworks were created, each subnetwork containing a slackbus
and tied to the main voltage source. A meter was placed at the head of every subnetwork to measure the
active and reactive power flowing to everynetwork.
Figure 5 -2: Data Conversion
rcE xd-i
(Fra -bqa
dE
li*raa t.rE a'tlefl'rt[..l'xrt I
\trta5.o gi.b
l|]lEr.,51
!!tl.JcE atbErfl!*E LM.l
t!frC.&rr llrrrrtrfntr urEta
Figure 5-3: Model Structure
52
5.2.2 SynerGI Data Conversion
The data provided by Avista for this section of project includes the following information for the SAG- 741
feeder.
o Access data base (SynerGI model)
o Measured load data
o Measured voltage at regulator
The model was provided in an 'o.mdb" file (access data file). The conversion of the model was done by
creating separate files for the lines and the loads. The data was imported from access to excel and then
manipulated to match the input format required by OpenDSS. The conversion was done one file at the time,
performing testing and debugging at the end of every file. Finally, a master file was created to put all the
parts together and test the entire feeder.
5.3 Model Validation
5.3.1 I)owntown Spokane Feeder Validation
The model built in OpenDSS was compared to the model provided in PW for verification purposes. Figure
5-4 shows the voltage at the four networks in OpenDSS and in PW. Table 5-l shows the results of the two
different models for the downtown Spokane network.
PWvs OpenDSS
o
l:::l:::l
-
Power Wolrd
-
OpenDSS
iti \r rl\nr:
I -_' !
T it I ,)I Ir IIHE-I
lt
I II t
I I
J,II
100 20.) 300 40u 500
Bus number
o)o,o
E
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
Figure 5-4: Bus Voltage
eiuo 7|J0 60u
53
Table 5-1: Comparison of PowerWorld (PW) and OpenDSS (OD) Simulation Models for Peakload
Active Power Reactive Power Power Factor
PW
(kw)
OD
(kw)
PW
(kvtu)
OD
(kVAr)
PW
(kVAr)
OD
(kVAr)
Network 1 9,058 9,038.5 \ )\7 5,285 0.864 0.863
Network 2 14,418 14,370 8,242 8,018 0.868 0.873
Network 3 12,019 11,979 5,704 5,546 0.903 0.907
Network 4 8,464 8,438 3,895 3,852 0.908 0.909
5.3.2 Feeder SAG-741 Model Verification
The model verification for the SAG-741 feeder was done in two steps. First, three cases were prepared for
a static analysis. One for winter pealg one for summer peak and one for a light load condition. The total
load was compared to the measured data provided by Avista. The second step of verification was performed
using the hourly measure data provided. The total energy consumed by the feeder was calculated by
integrating all the hourly power data over the year. Table 5-2 shows the three cases used for the model
validation.
Table 5-2: SAG 741 Power Flow Cases
Winter Peak Summer Peak Light Load
Pro,rr 3470 2041.7 69s.6
Qro,"l 1254.9 392.3 -419.7
PLr."ttt.4 36.8 4.6
Qm.,-103.0 -193 -230.8
Table 5-3 shows the results of the measured data compared to the model over the course of a year. The
load allocation algorithm was modified to better fit the measureddata.
54
Table 5-3: Feeder SAG-741 Validation Results
Total Energy (kwh)Max kW
Measure Data (Avista)13,727,435 3,492
OpenDSS Model 13,719,071 3,470
o/o Error 0.0609%0.6300%
The voltage profile of the feeder at the three different loading conditions is shown in Figure5-5
f.arrar hotl F..der Profib13! t
rtr a rrr a
trt ll,
l€ra :a c a IC ta
Drrtltoa to.n Ssbrf&oa lfri,Dl'trrco trom sublt&oo (t'nl
f..d.r hothr:c a
rl? a
rC r|n :t
Or{rn.. ioor Sulrt ton lflrl
tl
a
a.D
o
lI
13
a2tt
lt3
! rot
.D
I rrt
a8 rtrrlt
! rtro
!I!0
a
a6 ttrl
E
; ttrII ,..a,6
tll
rra
!:!a
rrt I
tra a
:t
Figure 5-5: Voltage Profile at three different loadingconditions
55
5.3.3 References
[1] Nie, Song, et al. "Analysis of the impact of DG on distribution network reconfiguration using
Op enD S 5," Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asi a, 20 I 2.
[2] Liu, Hao Jan, and Thomas J. Overbye. "Smart-grid-enabled distributed reactive power support with
Conservation Voltage Reduction," Power and Energy Conference at Illinois,2014.
t3l M. J. Reno and K. Coogan, " Grid Integrated Distributed PV (GridPV) Version 2," Sandia National
Laboratories SAND2O I 4-20141, 201 4.
56
6 Sruuy RESI]LTS
The analysis of the RSVC consisted of simulating a model of the device with two different feeder
topologies. The first one, downtown Spokane, is a tightly coupled grid with a strong source. The main
objective of the downtown network study was to study the possibility of correcting the power factor rather
than to support the voltage. The downtown network is a short dense network that has little voltage drop and
hence no voltage problems.
The Spokane downtown network was initially model in PW as a balanced three-phase model. Distribution
systems are more unbalanced than transmission systems, assuming that the distribution network is a
balanced system can cause some inaccuracies.
The SAG-741 feeder was originally model in SynerGI, and it was modeled as an unbalanced three-phase
feeder. The unbalanced model is a more accurate representation of the feeder and the results obtained from
the SAG-741 study could be more accurate due to the modeling of the unbalancesystem.
The Spokane downtown network explicitly models the service transformer and the service line, while the
SAG741 does not. The modeling of service transformer and the service line provides a more accurate model.
It is a standard practice in utilities to only model the medium voltage buses and just assume a constant
voltage drop from the feeder level to the customermeter.
6.1 Spokane Downtown Feeder
The first study consists on deploying multiple RSVCs at the downtown network of Spokane, Washington
with the objective to correct the power factor. The deployment of the RSVCs was performed uniformly
throughout the downtown network, and the size of the RSVC was selected based on the size of the
transformer it was connected to.
The original RSVC was developed as a 15 kVA device to be connected to a 25 kVA service ffansformer.
The ratio from the RSVC to the transformer rated capacity is 60Yo. The same ratio was used in the sizing
of the RSVCs used in the Spokane Downtown networkstudy.
6.1.1 Spokane Feeder Description
The downtown network is composed of four independent networks fed from the I 15 kV system. Every
network has two parallel transformers that convert the voltage from ll5 kV to 13.2 kV. The voltage is
distributed across the downtown network atthe 13.2 kV voltage. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to
utilizable voltage by the customers, using several service transformers, to either 240 Y or 480 V.
57
The original model was built in PW, and consisted of four different networks. Each network is modeled
independently and has an equivalent generator, "slack" bus, which represents the connection to the I l5 kV
grid. The equivalent generation provides the necessary active and reactive power for the networks. The
active and reactive power flow results of the four networks are shown in Table 6-1, along with the
corresponding power factor.
Table 6-l: Downtown Spokane Network Power Flow Results
Active Power
(kw)
Reactive Power
(kvAR)
Power Factor
Network l(PSTl15)9,058 5,257 0.864
Network 2 (PST115)14,418 8,242 0.868
Network 3 (Metro115)12,019 5,704 0.903
Network 4 (Metrol15)8,464 3,895 0.908
The voltage at each bus obtained from the PW model for the maximum loading condition is plotted in
Figure 6-1. There are three buses with a voltage value of zero. These buses correspond to the normal open
switch between the networks. Figure 6-1 shows both medium voltage buses (13.2 kV) and low voltage
buses (240 and 480 V), with the medium voltage buses closer to the 1.05 per unit and the low voltage buses
having different values for each network. The figure also shows that the medium voltage network has a
more constant voltage then the low voltage network, where the voltage can varysignificantly.
PowerWorld Model Voltages
o
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.O2
1.01
'|
0.99
0.98
097
096
0.95
oo,(!
ct
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Bus Number
Figure 6-1: Downtown Spokane Network Bus Voltage
58
Figure 6-2 shows one of the network with the 115 kV system modeled with a slack bus, two transformers
that step-down the voltage from 115 kV to 13.2 kV.
METROSIJB 6'@t
--E-
-I
_Jt I
rua
r.*
Dt
Dtfr
I
Figure 6-2: PW SingleJine of Downtown Spokane Network
The complete single line diagram of one ofthe networks is shown in Figure6-3
t
t_
it
rl
Ii
:=-I
ll
--1 im9a, t!
le!r------t
slFsE'-
-L
I
I #rL
Figure 6-3: Downtown Spokane Complete Single LineDiagram
59
6.1.2 Power Factor Correction Utilizing RSVC
Two cases were developed to test the benefits of deploying RSVCs in the downtown network. In both cases,
the same number of RSVCs were used. Assumptions made for every case and results obtained are presented
in the following case scenarios.
6.1.2.1 Case 1
Case one was developed by connecting one RSVC equal to 600/o of the transformer rated capacity. Each
RSVC was controlled by local voltage. The voltage reference for each RSVC was set to 1.03 perunit.
Table 6-2 shows the results for case 1. Simulation results show that networks I and2 have a power factor
close to unity and networks 3 and 4 are operating with a considerable low powerfactor.
The RSVCs utilized in this project are only controlled by voltage, and do not have the ability to be controlled
by reactive flow. One option to increase the power factor in networks 3 and 4 is to raise the voltage reference
of the RSVCs to force them to operate in a capacitymode.
Table 6-2: Results Case 1
Active Power
(kw)
Reactive Power
(kvAR)
Power Factor
Network I (PST115)9,028 446 0.998
Network 2 (PST115)14,374 2,573 0.984
Network 3 (Metro115)11,984 4,367 0.939
Network 4 (Metro115)8,441 4,193 0.896
6.1.2.2 Case 2
Case two was developed after case one was not able to correct the power factor in all four networks. The
voltage at the secondary side of network 3 and network 4 is relatively high and not all the RSVCs injected
their maximum reactive capacity. The voltage reference of all the RSVCs was raised to 1.04 per unit to
force more reactive power and help compensate for the reactive power absorbed by the loads. Table 6-3
shows the results for case two.
60
Table 6-3: Results Case 2
Active Power
(kw)
Reactive Power
(kvAR)
Power Factor
Network I (PST115)9,027 -610 -0.997
Network 2 (PST115)14,372 765 0.998
Network 3 (Metro115)11,978 1,064 0.996
Network 4 (Metro115)8,433 1,449 0.985
Setting all the RSVCs to 1.04 per unit resulted in a better power factor overall. Network I is operating with
a leading power factor but really close to unity while networks 2,3 and4 are operating with a lagging power
factor, but also close to unity.
6.1.3 Future Work
The RSVCs utilized in the study were only controlled by voltage, thus the set point had to be raised to force
the RSVCs to operate in a capacity mode. A possible future project is the implementation of VAR control
in the RSVC. In short dense feeders such as the downtown network the voltage drop could be really small,
this is where a VAR controller could bebeneficial.
The voltage set point for all the RSVCs was the same, another potential future project could be the
implementation of a dynamic controller where the voltage set point of every RSVC or a group of RSVCs
change the set point according to the loading conditions on the feeder.
6.2 SAG-741 Feeder
The SAG-741 is a feeder operating at20.8 kV fed from the I l5 kV system. The feeder has one 300- kVAR
capacitor bank close to the substation and 5 sets ofvoltage regulators, three ofwhich are three- phase, one
which is two-phase and one which is a single-phase regulator. The substation has a three phase Load Tap
Changer (LTC) transformer.
The model contains distribution lines at the 20.8 kV level and the loads are modeled at the 20.8 kV level
without the explicit model of the service transformer and the service line, a typical situation in utilities.
Figure 6-4 is a not to scale oneline of the SAG-741 feeder, with the substation indicated by the blue star.
6t
-ffi]o lrar IO rrcrr*o It arercrrrcrrl
Figure 6-4: Single Line Diagram ofthe SAG-741 Feeder
The SAG-741 is a winter peak feeder with a peak load of 3,470 kW. Figure 6-5 shows the load profile of
the feeder for one year, in l-hour intervals. The load profile shows that there are at least three events where
the feeder was out of service. The points when the load becomes zero were replaced with the previous non-
zero value in the data set to avoid converging problems with the software.
!00c ?Ll
,93C ta
346 S6
t50c 8s
lso 00
1+!C 06
lose a8
" :; 5 $ I i ili i !i i{i * i& 33i ; A E 3il 3 i g3;i i $ i : : : ; A ; : i i : 6i, * ? ; ;
Figure 6-5: SAG-7 41 LoadData
62
To find the location of the RSVCs, an iterative process was used. First, the power flow was solved, and the
bus with the lowest voltage was identified. On the bus with the lowest voltage, an RSVC was placed on
that bus and the power flow was solved again. The process was repeated until the addition of an RSVC did
not improve the bus voltages. After the algorithm was run, an inspection was performed to ensure that two
RSVCs were not connected to the same bus. If two RSVCs were connected to the same phase at the same
bus, one of them was removed. The assumption that the service transformers are 25 kVA was made, and
hence only one RSVC was placed for a single bus.
6.2.1 Static Analysis
Four different case scenarios were created to determine the best combination of in-line voltage regulators,
capacitor banks and RSVCs that produce the least amount of energyconsumed.
6.2.1.1 Case 1
Case one consisted of zero in-line voltage regulators and the substation capacitor bank on (fixed). To
develop this case, all the inJine voltage regulators were removed from the circuit. The capacitor bank was
put in service without any type of controller and fixed in the ONposition.
A total of 35 RSVCs were added to the circuit. The majority of the RSVC were located at the end of the
feeder where the voltage was at its lowest. All the RSVCs were set to ll7 Volts in a 120-Y base for voltage
control. The RSVC's were distributed as follows:
Phase Number of RSVCs used
Phase A 8
Phase B t3
Phase C l4
The voltage profile at peak load is shown in Figure 6-6. The addition of the RSVCs helped to balance the
voltage profile for all three phases. The fact that the RSVCs are single phase allows for great flexibility to
compensate an unbalanced feeder due to the single phase loads.
63
fHr Proifr:t
rla
^ r-l-I's
3='3c! r-rt-9,o
il ,,
l?:
!tl t :t l 5IlfrolrBn SrDtdo{l{Fnl
Figure 6-6: Peak Load Voltage Profile Profile
The location ofthe RSVCs is shown in Figure 6-7, highlighted as an orange splashsymbol.
3
al
at
t?
aa
.l
aa
a tar3 3tt !3Et :at t3tt !, !ro3 2tr
Figure 6-7: SAG 741 Feeder RSVC Locations
Table 6-4: Test Result Case I
: tta
. t3r
Real Power (kW)3,490.7
Reactive Power (kVAR)1,193.8
-rt-al-nra!|-rrd
rI
aI
tra-a.grarr
Laaa!
2r- EI.-rE
64
6.2.1.2 Case 2
This case was developed with the capacitor banls and voltage regulators offfor the entire simulation.
A total of 35 RSVCs were used for this case and their phase distributions were:
Phase Number of RSVCs used
Phase A 8
Phase B l3
Phase C t4
The voltage profile at peak load is shown in Figure 6-8.
Feeder Profile
117
tlG
0 5t0t520
Dista nce ffsn Substation (kml
25
Figure 6-8: Peak Load Voltage Profile
1E
1U
GlBoIE@ 12.
Fi ra
o
E'oI rrgg
E rre
-Phr.t^-Phrr.f,-Fltrct
65
The single line with the RSVC distribution is shown in Figure6-9
2.t75 2.68 2.C8it 2.69 4895 L7 2705 2.71 L7t3
xlOa
Figure 6-9: SAG 741 Feeder RSVC Locations
The total amount of power at peak load is shown in Table 6-5
Table 6-5: Results Case2
Real Power (kW)3,490.6
Reactive Power (kVAR)7,787.6
6.2.1.3 Case 3
The third case was developed with the in-line voltage regulators and capacitor bank remaining in service
for the simulation. The location algorithm was implemented with the same process as with the case without
regulators. The amount of RSVCs needed in this case is considerable less than in the previous two cases.
A total of 9 RSVCs were used in this case, with the distribution of the RSVC's asfollows:
Phase Number of RSVCs used
Phase A 0
Phase B 5
Phase C 4
5
/t.9
4.8
t.7
4.6
a.5
a.l
(3
T*
o
ttillIoGllraor
Loia
The voltage profile at peak load is shown in Figure 6-10
66
Feeder Profilet205
120
rt9
lt8
ll7 5
1lt
0 5r01520
Distance frorn Substation {km}
Figure 6-10: Peak Load Voltage Profile
The single line with the location of the different devices is shown in Figure 6-l I
2.6t5 2.68 2.685 2.69 2-695 2.7 2-1g5 z-lt 2.715
xl06
Figure 6-11: SAG 741 Feeder RSVC Locations
The total power at peak load is shown in Table 6-6.
95
t t85
oa(!E
oN
oEIt!
s6
=E
I
25
5
t.9
a-8
,.7
4.6
a.5
1.t
a-t
-
Ptrr.A
-
Plr.s.8
-
Pfirr.C
oI
Subttilion
Crgraratot
Lordr
Boochr
LrcnmE6
Firrd
67
Table 6-6: Results Case 3
Real Power (kW)3,468.4
Reactive Power (kVAR)1,343.8
6.2.1.4 Case 4
The fourth case consists ofthe in-line voltage regulators placed in service, and the capacitor bank out of
service. The same location and number of RSVC's as in case 3 were used for this case.
Feeder ProlIh
121
7ZO5
r20
| 195
r19
r t85
It8
1175
117
0 5r015zo
Distance frorn Substation (kml
Fi gure 6 -l 2: Y oltage Profi le
25
o6lgo
cf\l
oEIGI6
o
5
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a3
a-t
a.6
a5
a,
t32.9t5 2.68 2.6€5 2.69 2.6S5 27 2.795 2tl 2-71$
xroF
-Phrralt
-Ph$.8-
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I1*0
a
S{rbrt fo.rG+ntraEL0:6BoorlLTC'reB
Figure 6-13: SAG 741 Feeder
68
Table 6-7: Case 4 Results
Real Power (kW)3472.1
Reactive Power (kVAR)1935.6
6.2.2 Time-seriesAnalysis
The time-series analysis is the backbone of this project, since it provides a more realistic approximation of
the real benefits of deploying RSVCs in a distribution feeder.
The first step to run a time-series simulation is to have a seasonal base case starting point. In this project,
the winter peak was used since it is the season with the highest load. Once the base case is solved, measured
data provided by Avista at the feeder head was fed into the model. The model used a load allocation
algorithm to allocate the load every hour based on topology ofthe basecase.
Most utilities only have measured data at the feeder head and a load allocation is usually used to estimate
the load at different parts of the feeder. The load allocation algorithm included with OpenDSS was used
since it is fairly accurate and there is no need to develop a newone.
The four previous cases were simulated in a yearly mode, and the total energy and peak load were recorded.
During the simulations it was found that the capacitor played a big role in the amount of losses if it was
kept on or off.
A local voltage control was developed to determine when the capacitor was in or out of service. With the
capacitor controller in place, two cases were investigated; one with the inline voltage regulators in the
circuit and the second one without the inline voltage regulators in the circuit.
The three cases were simulated for an entire year using the amount of RSVCs previously calculated for the
case with the inJine voltage regulators in place and for the case without the inline voltageregulators.
Results showed that some of the RSVCs were only "working" for a small periods of time during the peak
load. The number of RSVCs in the feeder was reduced to maximize the utilization of the devices. The
simulations were re-run with the new number of RSVC calculated. The final number of RSVC utilized for
every case is shown in Table 6-8.
69
Table 6-8: RSVC per case
Case Number of RSVCs
In-line voltage regulator (case 1)8
No voltage regulator (case 2)22
The load allocations from the previous cases were adjusted to match the total energy measured in the
model. The adjustment was done for all three cases and Table 6-9 shows the endresults.
Table 6-9: Summary Results
Total Energy (kwh)Max kW
Base Case 13,719,071 3,470
Voltage Regulator in place 13,446,160 3,392
No Voltage regulators in the feeder 13,381,926 3,386
6.2.3 Future Work
One of the possible benefits of the RSVC is to damp the effects of switching capacitor banks. The effect of
RSVC on existing capacitor switching will be worthstudying.
The size of the RSVC used in this project was equal to the prototype being developed at Boise State
University (15 kVA). There may be cases where a different size will be a better fit, especially if the service
transformers are large, 100 kVA or more. An automatic algorithm that calculates the proper size will need
to be developed.
The algorithm used to place an RSVC is in its early stages and it could be improved. The use of an Optimal
Power Flow (OPF) algorithm could be a gleat improvement from the current algorithm used to place the
RSVCs.
The dynamic interaction between RSVCs and other voltage control devices was not studied in this project
and should be taken into account if a large enough number of units are used, especially if they are close
together to each other.
70
7 CosT BENEFIT AxaTYSIS
The simulation results for the base case yielded a total energy consumption of 13,719,071 kwh per year
The peak consumption was recorded to be 3,470 kW.
Table 7-l: Summary of Results
Energy Used
(kwh)
Peak Power
(kw)
Energy
Saved
(kwh)
Peak
Reduction
(k!Y)
Potential savings
($/year)
Base Case 13,719,071 3,470 NA NA NA
Case 1 13,446,160 3,392 272,9tt 78 $t2,281
Case 2 13,381,926 3,386 337,145 84 $15,t72
The break-even point for the 2 cases is shown in Table 7-2.The break-even point was calculated based on
a $45AvIWh of avoided cost, and is shown in the followingequation.
Break-even period(y e ars) -#RSZCs*$1000eaclr
saatngsfyear
Table 7 -2: Break-even period for two cases
Break-even
period
Number of
RSVCs
Case 1 0.65 years 8
Case 2 1.45 years 22
The goal of this project is to keep the price of the RSVC under $1000, which is considerably lower than the
breakeven price for both cases. It is worth mentioning that in case 2 all the voltage regulators were taken
out of service. The savings associated with maintenance and possible replacement of these devices
7l
is not considered in the calculation, but it could be a significant part of the budget, especially if a voltage
regulator needs to be replaced.
72
E PerH To V[enKtrT
The potential market path of the residential static var compensator (RSVC) being built and simulated in this
project is similar to that ofother shunt-connected, reactive-injection-based devices currently being deployed
by some utilities. An RSVC prototype is being tested in hardware at Boise State University for a voltage
control application (Conservation by Voltage Reduction) on the consumer side of the distribution feeder.
The single-phase RSVC device has the advantage over conventional shunt capacitors of being able to
operate in a capacitive or inductive mode without generating large undesirable harmonics. The RSVC's
harmonic footprint is not typical of most thyristor-based SVCs currently deployed. The RSVC uses a novel
pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme to create the variable VAR compensation, which pushes the RSVC
harmonics into a higher frequency band. This smart device can be used in multiple applications such as
continuous voltage control at a load point, power factor control, and mitigation of power quality issues. The
benefits of mass deployment of RSVCs on the consumer side of distribution networks will be demonstrated
through a number of simulation studies proposed in this project. The new RSVC device has the potential to
disrupt other competitor's devices on three fronts: cost, power quality, and smart-grid applicability or
compatibility.
73
AppENDIx
Table A.1 OpenDSS Power Flow Sample Description Language
# Loads
New Load.Loadl Phases:3 Busl:I501 kV:0.21 kW:78 kVAR:39.96 model:l enabled=TRUE
New Load.Load2 Phases:3 Busl:1501 kV:0.21 kW:0 kVAR:0 model:l enabled:FALSE
New Load.Load3 Phases:3 Busl:1504 kV:0.21 kW:I8.43 kVAR:9.44 model:l enabled:TRUE
New Load.Load4 Phases:3 Busl=1504 kV:0.21 kW:0 kVAR:O model:l enabled:FALSE
New Load.Load5 Phases:3 Busl=l508 kV=0.21 kW:7.84 kVAR:4.01 model:l enabled:TRUE
# Transformers
New Transformer.XMFRl Phases:3 Buses:[l0 100] kVs:[l 15 13.2] kVAs:[30000 30000]
xhl:S.7 9 47 7 2037 0809 taps:[ 1 I .05]
New Transformer.XMFR2 Phases:3 Buses:[lO 100] kVs:[ l5 13.2] 1y45=[30000 30000]
xhl:S.7 947 7 2037 0809 taps:[ I 1.05]
New Transformer.XMFR3 Phases:3 Buses:[20 200] kVs:[ 15 13.2] py4s=[30000 30000]
xhl:5.7 947 7 2037 0809 taps:[ I 1.05]
New Transformer.XMFR4 Phases:3 Buses:[20 200] kVs:[l15 13.2] kVAs:[30000 30000]
# Lines and Buses
New Line.Linel Phases:3 Busl:I00 Bus2:200 11=0.0017424 xl:0.0017424 cl:0length:l units:kft
enabled:FAlSE
New Line.Line2 Phases=3 Busl:100 Bus2:121 r1:0 xl:0.7997616 c1:0length:l units:kft
enabled:TRUE
New Line.Line3 Phases:3 Busl:121 Bus2:131 rl:0.0052272 xl=0.008712 cl:0.34848 length:l
units:kft enabled:TRUE
New Line.Line4 Phases:3 Busl:l22Bts2:132 rl:0.0069696 x1:0.0104544 cl:0.34848length:l
units:kft enabled:TRUE
New Line.Line5 Phases:3 Busl:123 Bus2:133 rl:0.0052272 xl:0.008712c1:0.34848
74
v,hl:S.7 947 7 2037 0809 taps:[ 1 I .05]
New Transformer.XMFRs Phases:3 Buses:[30 300] kvs:[l 15 I3.2] 1y4s=[9999999999]
xht:5.88465 99 t66292 taps:[ 1 1.05]
APPENDIX F
FINAL REPORT
Microgrid
Universityotldaho ^AHwsrnCollege of Engineering
Critical Load Seruing Capability by Microgrid Operation
Project Duration: 12 months Project Cost: Total award: $79,856
OBJEGTIVE
The main objective of this study is to
perform a feasibility study for forming a
microgrid in the downtown area of the city of
Spokane, Washington. The objective for
creating a microgrid is to reduce the impact of
major transmission outages on high priority
loads such as hospitals, jail, government
offices, and the downtown business district
without the need for major transmission
upgrades to create an equivalent support. The
main source of power for the microgrid is from
the two existing hydroelectric generators
located near these critical loads. As the power
generated from the two run-of-the-river
hydroelectric plants was not sufficient, to
supply the critical loads at all times of the year,
considerations to include solar energy were
taken and the amount of the solar that can be
generated from the rooftops of the critical
loads was estimated. A historic data analysis
was performed to identify the trends in the
available generation and the critical loads.
After determining the available energy
resources, a unified model of the Spokane
downtown microgrid was developed and
implemented in Powerworld by acquiring the
data from distribution and transmission system
models available from Avista. The performance
characteristics of the microgrid in islanded
mode were determined by peforming the
steady state and transient stability analysis.
The stability and voltage profile of the islanded
microgrid were improved by sizing and placing
shunt capacitors at key locations, and by
determining the appropriate tap ratios for on
load tap changing transformers.
Since the islanded microgrid is supplied
solely by renewable sources with seasonal or
daily variations in availability (hydro and
solar), the variations in the generation could
be compensated by including electrical energy
storage in the microgrid. A study was
performed to estimate the size of an electrical
energy storage system and identify an optimal
location to place it, Ideas were proposed to
implement the microgrid controller for this
microgrid.
BUSINESS VALUE
Making use of the existing infrastructure
and adding minimal additional controls while
forming a microgrid will result in potential
benefits. The costs associated with the failure
to supply critical loads are significant. The
microgrid has the potential to pay back in its
operation itself. This is one of the reason that
microgrids are gaining importance in the power
industry. The microgrids will provide an
oppoftunity to reduce the outage related
expenses. They include the demand side
generation, energy storage which has several
benefits indirectly.
Additional operational benefits when the
microgrid grid-connected during normal
conditions include potential for improved
energy efficiency, energy surety, greenhouse
gasses emission reduction, and avoid cost of
power interruptions for critical facilities in the
microgrid,
The results of the study on microgrid
development for downtown Spokane can
potentially be applied in other areas of the
Avista system or other utilities in the region or
nation. The proximity of the generation
resource close to the load centers has huge
benefit in the reduction of transmission and
distribution losses,
BAGKGROUND
A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that
can isolate from the main grid and still be able
to supply local loads using local distributed
energy resources. The major components of a
microgrid are electrical loads, generation
resources, a microgrid controller and an
optional electrical energy storage system.
Microgrids can be isolated and islanded during
the prolonged grid outages, and provide
energy to the critical facilities within the
microgrid footprint.
There has an increase in the publicity for
natural disaster related power system events
in the last decade. This has become a driving
force for moving towards creating a more
resilient power system network. Even the
recent policy changes by the government and
initiatives such as "A policy framework for the
zltr century grid" has provided a great
opportunity for increasing the system flexibility
and robustness by employing the microgrids.
The region of proposed microgrid has
recently experienced a minor windstorm in fall
2015 that resulted in about 180,000 customers
losing power. It took around 10 days to restore
power completely to all of the customers. This
shows the impact of outages caused by natural
disasters.
Under such circumstances a microgrid in
place that would reduce the impact and
downtime for select critical loads.
A significant poftion of the power to the city
of Spokane comes from a neighboring state
through 500 kV lines. If a set of transmission
outages occur together under ceftain
conditions, Avista's network system could go
down, This project analyzes the possibility of
forming a Microgrid under such conditions and
estimates the additional equipment, and the
technical challenges. The economic aspects in
designing the microgrid were not considered in
this study.
PROJEGT SCOPE AND ANALYSIS
Task 1: Microgrid location characterization
This is an essential first step. It involves
defining the electrical boundaries of the
microgrid, identifying energy resources and
critical loads, fetching the network data, and
collection of historic load and energy resource
data from Avista.
Task 2: Modeling the system in Poweruvorld
Unifying the system model data into
Powerworld and modeling it in sufficient detail
for the studies. Acquiring the essential network
data from different simulation tools currently
used at Avista. The network data include thegenerator parameters, transformer
parameters, load profiles, transmission and
distribution line parameters, capacitor
modeling. Then the data was converted fromthe different formats into a Powerworld
acceptable format. This task included
identifying the feeders connecting the critical
loads and identifying the best possible ways of
supplying them with minimal losses.
Task 3: Analysis on the Powerworld model
a. Power flow analysis was performed to
determine the quasi-steady-state
operating conditions of the microgrid
model. The system is stable under steady
state conditions. The power flow solution
was performed by considering the system
conditions in four different seasons. The
historic data was averaged by using tools
and averaged data sets were created.
Seasonal behavior of the model was
studied with the help of time step
simulation in Powerworld.
b. Transient stability analysis was peformed
by considering various possibilities and the
situations that would arise in the microgrid
model. The goal of this study was to
identify the behavior of the generators
during the startup of the microgrid,
switching of the loads, and fault conditions
in islanded operation. The results show that
the system is capable of withstanding the
variations when proper generation controls
were included.
c. Possible ways of starting the microgrid
from grid connected mode or following a
major disturbance were studied and
presented. The transition to a microgrid
process was discussed.
d. Contingency based analysis was peformed
on the microgrid model to
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential
identify the worst case contingencies that
can bring down the system.
e. The line limits were monitored with the help
of time step simulation in Powerworld and
the transmission and distribution lines that
might get overloaded under microgrid
operation were identified.
Task 4: Component selection and sizing
Component selection and sizing defines the
rating of the microgrid system. The selection
process was based in part on demand versus
supply analysis, in order to determine the
additional supply side and demand side
resources needed in the microgrid and their
proper sizing.
a. The available generation from hydro
generators is not capable of supplying all
the critical loads. The capability of the
photovoltaic generation to support the
microgrid operation at different times of
the year by maximizing the critical loads
that the microgrid can supply was studied.
Rooftop solar estimation analysis was
performed in four different seasons. The
study identified locations in the microgrid
capable to support installation of
photovoltaics panels with a total capacity of
10.3 MW DC capacity (6.45 MW peak AC
output capability) in summer.
b. The stability of the microgrid is largely
determined by the voltage and frequency
profiles. The voltage profile can be
improved by properly sizing the capacitors
bank and placing them in optimal locations.
This study also included utilizing on load
tap changing transformers to improve the
voltage profile and reduce the capacitor
sizes.
c. Electrical energy storage systems can
improve the microgrid operation by
reducing the variations between the
available generation and connected load. A
study was conducted to identify the
available storage technologies for practical
implementation. The study included sizing
the battery and identifying a location to
place the battery.
Task 5: Proposed ideas for microgrid control
The microgrid master controller is a very
important component of a microgrid. It
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential.
distinguishes between the conventional
distribution network with a microgrid. The
available technology and the microgrid control
techniques were analyzed and based on those
results control schemes were developed for
centralized and decentralized control of the
microgrid.
Task 6: Final Report
Compile final report with the results from
the studies as well as the models, proposed
solutions and any upcoming technologies.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be:. Completed Powerworld model with analysis
of different cases. Analysis results based on historic data to
determine microgrid behavior during
different seasons of the year. Voltage power system stability analysis of
the model put together with components
such as capacitors, on load tap changing
transformers and electrical energy storage
systems.. Analysis results and proposed ideas for the
control and operation of the microgrid
PROJEGT TEAM
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Name Dr. Herbert Hess
Orqanization Universitv of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email h hess@u ida ho.edu
C(},PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Name Dr- Brian iohnson
Orqanization University of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email biohnson @ uidaho.ed u
RESEARGH ASSTSTANTS
NemF Pavan Klrmar PPnkev
Orqanization
Email
University
penk19 ls. uidaho.edu
Name Matt PhilliDs
Oroanization L-rniversitv of Idaho
Email ohil7191@vandals. uidaho.edu
Name Nathan Gar rl
Orqanization University of Idaho
Email gaul3898@vandals. uidaho.edu
TASK NAME Base line
schedule
Actual
completion
Stage gate 1
Receive data from Avista Lt/05/20L5 7t/09/20L5
Set up Powerworld to work and
preliminary study of existing
system
7t/26/20L5 7t/22/2075
Evaluate whether this system is
stable 72/L0/2075 02/08/2016
Stage gate 2
Unify the software approach in
Powerworld, preliminary test and
validation of model.
03/L7/20t6 03/22/2016
Visit the Avista facilities 03toat20t6 03/08/20 1 1Complete translationdistribution system
SynercEE into Powerworld
of
from 03/31/2076 03/22/2Ot6
Demonstration of initial microgridoperation assuming normal
conditions
03/31/20t6 03/3L12076
Stage Gate 3
Analysis based on the seasonal
variation of oeneration
04/28/2OL6 04/28/2016
Prioritizino the loads 05/72/20t6 05172/2016
Simple models of upcoming
technolodies that .an henefited 05126/20t6 07/20/20L6
Renewable
addition
generation/battery 06/23/2016 06lt2/20t6
ODtimal disDatch of the load 07/2t/2016 NA
Demonstration of Microgrid
ooeration/anv suooestions 08/78/20L6 07/77/20L6
Results/Issues
identified/ProDosed solutions 09/3012016 09/30/2016
SGHEDULE
I. EXEGUTIVE SUMMARY
This study repofts on the results from a
feasibility study on establishing a microgrid in
the city of Spokane. A microgrid is a poftion of
the main power grid that can be isolated from
the rest of the grid under abnormal conditions.It can operate in both grid connected and
islanded modes of operation, The study
identified the available generation resources
for the microgrid and identified critical loads
based on their priority and the system
topology. The potential amount solar energy
generation within the footprint of the microgrid
based available locations was estimated.
A unified model of the microgrid was
developed in Powerworld simulation software.
Power flow simulation studies were performed
to identify the steady-state behavior of the
system. The steady-state voltages were within
limits in both no load and full load conditions
when shunt capacitor banks were switched on
at appropriate locations.
Transient stability cases were simulated by
including the machine dynamic models and
for the set of case studies. The system attained
stable operation after a period of time. A load
and generation forecast study was performed
to identify the power balance for the microgrid
on representative days in four seasons of the
year.
In addition, a study was performed to
determine the feasibility of adding battery
storage, followed by determination of optimal
locations, and rating of the potential battery
storage systems.
The voltage magnitudes and Iine loading
were mostly within the limits in four different
seasons when appropriately sizing and placed
the capacitors were added to the system on
conjunction with changing load tap changer
ratios.
Contingency-based analysis was performed
to identify the worst-case contingencies and
their impacts on system operation.
The microgrid has a very good potential to
improve the resilience of the system as it is
predominantly supplied by hydroelectric
generation that is very close to the critical
loads.
I!. TECHNOLOGYUTILIZED
. Powerworld Simulator version 19 was the
software tool used for this project.. DNV GL SynerGEE Electric software was
used to acquire the distribution system
model parameterso Microgrid analysis tools such as DER CAM,
Homer Energy, Grid Lab-D, and Open DSS
were explored.
III. ANALYSIS AND KEY RESULTS
a. Electrical boundaries of the
microgrid
The substations that are closest to each of
the critical loads were identified. The main
substations to best supply the critical loads
are: Post Street, Metro, College & Walnut and
Third & Hatch. There are four main points of
common coupling (PCCs) identified at these
substations where breakers would be openedto form a microgrid. Figure l shows the
transmission network with electrical
boundaries of the microgrid identified.
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential
Figure I Transmission network within
the area of microgrid
b. Energy resource models
Two important renewable energy resources
in the region of microgrid are available for
power generation in microgrid. They are
hydroelectric energy and solar energy. Figures
2 and 3 shows the hydro energy potential and
solar energy potential. It is observed that the
water availability is low during the months of
August, September and October during which
the average solar radiation is high.
generation is not sufficient to supply all of the
critical loads. Load shedding need to be
performed. The plot also shows the battery
discharge profile.
-.t"$"!'!t')'!$')S:!" "!". "ir'!". t"^ "- "irliro, "
Hour ol the day
-5p.in8 -sumft.
+fril _-wim?r
Figure 4 Combined average generation
output profile over 24-hour period in 4
seasons
Summer day
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dr
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Hour ofthe day
-Totlt
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-Tor.tCfir{atbd -
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Figure 5 Total load vs total generation ona summer day including load shedding
and battery addition
d. Steady state stability analysis
Power flow analysis was performed while
considering different seasons high and low
demand values. The system was stable under
the steady-state condition when a subset of
the critical loads were supplied within hydro
resource capabilities for a given season. Table
1 summarizes the results.
Table 1 Steady-state power-flow analysis
results for four seasons
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ilc il ern ol o*I oq8 oE8 oD8
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MONIH
Figure 3 Solar radiation average in the
city for 3O years
c. Generation and Load profiles
The generation and load profiles for the
past three years were requested from Avista
and averaged across representative 24-hour
periods in each of four different seasons.
Figure 4 shows the combined averagegeneration output profile over the
representative 24-hour periods in each of the
seasons. Figure 5 shows the comparison
between the total load and total generation on
a typical summer day, As the total
The information contained in this document is proprietary andconfidential.
e. Transient stability analysis
Transient stability analysis was peformed
on the microgrid model using Powerworld.
Figure 6 shows the frequency response of the
microgrid model when one of the critical loadis added after 2 cycles. The frequency
dropped to 59.54 Hz at the instant the
breaker closed and it attained a steady-state
condition after 25 cycles at 59.94 Hz. Several
cases are considered and the system is stable
in all of those conditions.
f. Gapacitor sizing and placement
The study identified four capacitors that
need to be placed at four different locations to
improve the voltage profile of the microgrid.
Table 2 shows the four capacitors identified
and the locations where they are placed.
Table 2 Capacitor sizes and their
Iocations in different seasons
Figure 6 Frequency response
transient load pickup condition
t
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-$b'r.!h.r -su6tjbt -tubr.r6^-2
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-crfi(,
r6d 4g. Battery size and identification of
potential locations
The peak power deficit between the load
and generation and the available power that
can be stored in or provided from the battery
were considered in sizing the electrical energy
storage. The battery was sized to have 2MW
peak charge or discharge capacity. The battery
needs to discharge for up to 6 hours and there
needs a total energy rating of 12MWhr in the
worst case. Table 3 summarizes the load
profile analysis for each of the seasons.
The voltage sensitivity at each bus in this
microgrid was calculated to determine the best
location for the battery. The bus which
experienced the largest voltage sensitivity to
changes in load conditions was chosen as the
best location for battery in this study. Figure
7 shows the percentage change of voltage
taken on the ordinate and size of the step
changes of load taken on abscissa. Based on
these results, load 3 bus is most sensitive bus
and an appropriate candidate location for a
battery.
respect to power
Table 3 Summary of battery peak power
uirement stu
IV. CONGLUSION
The study identified the available generation
resources, the critical loads based on their
priority, and the microgrid system topology.
Potential for solar energy generation within the
area encompassed by the microgrid was
estimated. A unified model was developed in
Powerworld simulation software. The steady-
state and transient stability analysis was
peformed on the microgrid model. The
system was stable and it was able to supply
Season
Total
critical
loads
supplied
Peak
Deficit
value
Deficit duration
MW Start
time
End
time
Spring 7 L.78 2:00PM 7:00PM
Summer 4 L.45 5:00PM 9:00PM
Fall 6 0.6 4:00PM 4:59PM
0 NA NAWinter6
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential
most of the critical loads in each of four
different seasons. The system performance
can be improved by adding capacitors and
energy storage devices. Size and location
for the capacitors and energy storage are
identified. The proposed microgrid has a
very good potential to improve the overall
resilience of the system.
V. FUTURE WORK
1. A portion of the microgrid can be
isolated as a nanogrid. The critical loads
around substation 3 are rarely supplied
within the microgrid due to their lower
priority and lack of energy resources. If
an additional solar installation is added,
the area can potentially disconnect
from microgrid to form a nanogrid.
2. Further analysis on the microgrid modelcan be performed such ?s, the
economic benefit analysis, transient
stability study using EMTP simulation
software where modeling includes more
realistic governor and exciter models to
study potential control structures for
the hydro generators.
3. The microgrid controller is a vital
component of a microgrid. A microgrid
controller can be developed consideringthe centralized and decentralized
control aspects.4. Improved load shedding techniques canbe identified and there is scope
developing protection algorithms for
the microgrid.
5. The bi-directional power flow in the
microgrid will be a challenge for
protection.
Note: Please refer to the published
conference papers and Master's thesis
document in Appendices A, B and C for
detailed study results.
PUBLIGATIONST
1. P. Penkey, N. Gaul, B.K. Johnson, H.L.
Hess, E. Lee, T, Rolstad, R. Gnaedinger,
"Critical Load Serving Capability by
Microgrid Using 100o/o Renewable
Energy," CIGRE Grid of the Future
Symposium. Philadelphia PA, October
30-November 1, 20L6.2. P. Penkey, N. Gaul, B.K. Johnson, H.L.Hess, "Sizing and Location
Identification for an Electrical Energy
Storage System in a Renewable
Microgrid," sth IEEE
Conference on Technologies for
Sustainabilify. Phoenix AZ, November
L2- L4,2OL6.3. P.K. Penkey, N. Gaul, A. Mohammad,
H,L. Hess, B.K. Johnson, "Analysis of
Solar Estimation from Buildings Alongwith Demand Response in aRenewable Microgrid," IEEE
Sustainable Green Buildings and
Communities (SGBC), Madras India,
December 18-20,2016.4. P. Penkey, H. Samkari, B.K. Johnson,
H.L. Hess, "Voltage Control by Using
Capacitor Banks and Tap Changing
Transformers in a Renewable
Microgrid," Accepted for Presentation
at the 2017 IEEE Innovative Smaft
Grid Tech nolog ies Conference (ISGT),
Washington DC, April 24-26, 2017.
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Maste/s Thesis {
Pavan Kumar Penkey, Critical Load
Serving Capability by Microgrid Operation.
Master's Thesis, University of Idaho,
August 2016.
Appendix B: Maste/s Thesis 2
Mohammed Fahad Allehyani, Modeling and
simulation of the impacts of STATCOM
control schemes on distance elements and
control studies for a microgrid in a
medium sized city in the Pacific
Northwest. Master's Thesis, University of
Idaho, August 20L6.
Appendix G: Maste/s Thesis 3
Husam Sameer Samkari, Modeling and
Simulation the Impacts of STATCOMS on
Distance Protection and Developing a
Microgrid Energy Management Scheme for
a Pacific Northwest City. Master's Thesis,
University of Idaho, August 2016.
APPENDIX G
FINAL REPORT
Smart Wires
Universityotldaho AFr'stsrn
College of Engineering
Smaft Wires - Applied D-FACTS devices
Project Duration: 11 months
OBJEGTIVE
The primary objective of this study is to
examine the impact of a limited number of
Distributed- Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(D-FACTS) devices placed on transmission
lines to improve system peformance. Previous
studies have found D- FACTS to be useful in
order to increase capacity and reroute power
flow, and this study looks to utilize this
capability in order to prevent overload
conditions.
The second objective is to study the system
improvements during contingencies using D-
FACTS. This study focuses on the more
favorable power flow distribution that D-FACTS
devices enable upon command.
The third objective is to develop a basis for
placement of the D-FACTS devices. The
investigation will provide a set of questions
that will help determine the placement of D-
FACTS devices within a given system. A line
must meet ceftain requirement such as havinga single conductor per phase rather than
bundled conductors, and having a maximum
current of 1,000 Amps or less.
BUSINESS VALUE
Over the recent decades there has been
increasing public sentiment against locating
new power lines close to their communities.
The long delays in siting and approval of new
transmission lines makes the process very
expensive. This is especially true for urban
areas where the cost of land is very high.
That is when D-FACTS devices can be
handy. They do not require new lines to be
build. They attach directly to the existing
conductors and help reroute power. That
translates in smaller investments for the
utilities and higher system stability and
reliability.
The US power grid, requires constant
monitoring and investment. A significant issue
in terms of grid utilization is that of active
power flow control. Utility customers purchase
energy (kwh) in the form of real power (W),
and not voltage (V) or reactive power (VAR).
This means that having control of how and
where real power flows on the network is of
critical importance. Congested networks limit
system reliability and constrain the ability of
utilities to provide customers with lower costs
for the power.
SGOPE
Task 1: System Study
Evaluate the system status and loading pre-
contingency and determine some critical
paths.
Task 2: N-l Contingencies
Study the system during N-1 contingency
condition in order to identify lines where D-
FACTS devices can help system response
during those events.
Task 3: N-2 Contingencies
Study the system during N-2 contingency
condition in order to identify lines where D-
FACTS devices can help system response
during those events.
Task 4: N-l Contingencies at Neighbor's system
Study the system during N-1 contingency
conditions occurring in neighboring systems in
order to identify lines where D-FACTS devices
can help system performance during those
events.
Task 5: Line Selection
Study of selected lines to evaluate the degree
of improvement on the line loadings for the
different conti ngency studies.
Task 6: Final Report
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be:BAGKGROUND
Study result listing potential locations
for the installation of D-FACTS devicesin lines based on study criteria
proposed by Avista.
Study presenting improvements to lineloading on Avista's grid under
contingency conditions with D-FACTS
installed.
General guide for line selection in order
to select locations to install D- FACTS
devices.
Master's Thesis from Alex Corredor
PROJEGT TEAM
SCHEDULE
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study repofts on an investigation of
the impact of installing a limited number of D-
FACTS devices on typical power lines to reduce
equipment overload under contingency
conditions. The D-FACTS devices do not
require space in a substation and have reduced
costs compared to reconductoring an existing
line or installing a new line. The D- FACTS
devices are designed to clamp onto existing
power lines and therefore assist in power flow
without the necessity of redesigning existing
power delivery systems.
The studies are conducted using a WECC
high summer loading model. Then D-FACTS
devices are modeled and integrated with line
models using built-in models in the simulator.
This study used commercial software for
simulation. Applying these models to existing
operating conditions yields predictions of
device peformance within the grid andidentifies appropriate degrees of
compensation. Finally, recommendations for
modifying the Avista system using d-FACTS
devices are provided based on the analysis of
these results.
II. RESEARCH MOTIVATION
The motivations for this project are to
develop an understanding for how D-FACTS
devices affect the grid and to investigate the
feasibility of applying them to mitigate
overloads under contingency situations. Being
able to provided power to the largest number
of customers is the goal of all utilities.
A long-term goal is to create a practical
plan to investigate and employ these devices
and to identify the cost advantages to
ratepayers of implementing these devices
these devices, measured through energy
savings, improvements to system reliability,
and enhanced stability
III. PROJEGT BACKGROUND
D-FACTS are clamp-on distributed dynamic
series compensators there were developed at
the Georgia Institute of Technology almost a
decade ago. Several feasibility studies have
been peformed but they tend to look more
into the increase of capacity of a transmission
system rather than reducing overloads during
contingencies.
D-FACTS devices fall into the general
family of reactive compensators commonly
referred to as Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) devices. Avista has studied
applying FACTS devices on their transmission
system in the past, especially the unified power
flow controller (UPFC).
However, conventional FACTS devices
available from manufacturers are large devices
with high power ratings. The capital costs for
such devices are often prohibitive, despite the
pefformance gains they afford.
IV. TEGHNOLOGY UTILIZED
Powerworld Simulator 19 is the software
tool used for this project.
a
a
a
a
PRINCIPAL !IfVESTIGATOR
Name Dr- Brian lohnson
Oroanization [Jniversitv of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email bjohnson @u idaho.edu
Name Dr- Herbert Hess
Orqanization Universitv of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email h hess@ u ida ho. ed u
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
Name Alex Corredor Corredor
Orqanization Universitv of Idaho
Email [e-mail]
Name Matthew Klein
Oroanization universitv of Idaho
Email klei4457@vanda ls. uidaho.ec,u
TASK TITE
ALLOCATED
START
DATE
Ftl{lsH
DATE
Svstem studv 3 months Oct'15 Dec'15
N-1 Continoencies 4 months Dec'15 Feb'16
N-2 Continqencies 1 month Mar'16N-1 Contingenciesat Neighbor's
system
2 weeks Apr'16 May'16
Line Selection 2 months Jun'16 Auo'15
Final Report 1 month Jul'16 Auq'16
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential
V. ANALYSIS APPROACH
a. D-FAGTS Description
D-FACTS devices are designed to provide
the functionality of FACTS at lower cost and
with high reliability. This is achieved by:
. Series VAR injection controls effective
line impedance and real power flow. Large number of modules that float
electrically and mechanically on the line. Can be incrementally deployed to provide
controllable power flow. Standard low-cost mass-manufactured
modules. Redundancy gives high reliability and
availability
b. Model Description
A full WECC transmission model was used
for this research. Avista provided access to the
model and it is a summer high load case. The
Avista poftion of the system has approximately250 buses. The lines owned by Avista
connecting those buses were the ones studied
in this research.
The full WECC model was used for the
studies in order to obtain the most accurate
results. Reducing the model with equivalents
introduce circuits introduces complexity and
error.
The D-FACTS devices were only placed on
lines that could benefit from them and meet
the technical requirements such as line current
limits. They were only placed on one line at a
time.
c. Types of Studies
Power flow studies are impoftant for
planning future expansion of power systems as
well as in determining the best or most secure
operation of existing systems. Power flow
studies were the type of studies performed for
the project.
Contingency analysis is used as an off-line
study tool to examine the impacts of
unexpected outages on the steady-state
operation of the power system. It is also used
as an on-line tool to show operators the effects
of potential future outages starting from the
present system operating state,
Two different types of contingency analysis
were performed as paft of this study.
N-1 contingency analysis studies simulate the
loss or failure of single lines in the power
system, or the loss/failure of individual
equipment such as a generator or transformer.
Repeated power flow solutions are performed
with one device at a time out of service, each
stafting from a common base case,
N-2 contingency analysis study is a
contingency analysis performed to analyze
system peformance in the event of the loss or
failure of two lines or pieces of equipment at
the exact or almost exact same time. Repeated
power flow solutions are peformed with two
devices at a time out of service starting from a
common base case.
VI. RESULTS
a. Study Results
N-{ Gontingency Analysis Results
Table I shows some results from the N-1
contingency analysis. Powerworld was set to
turn on D-FACTS devices when the line loading
passed a set threshold after a contingency
occurred. Thresholds were set a loading levels
starting from 75o/o of line rating up to 100%.
The program would turn on one three-
phase set of D-FACTS devices on at a time on
the lines that were overloaded, until they
reached a limit, which was set at 54 devices in
this case. As the table shows, there was only
one line in the Avista system that exceeded
9Oo/o loading out of all of the N-1
contingencies, seven if the threshold was
lowered to 85o/o loading and 17 with 75o/o
loading as the limit.
Table l:D-FAGTS Needs
Since the system studied was starting from
a valid N-1 compliant operating state, it is not
surprising that there were few overloaded
problems. The master's thesis goes into the
results in more detail.
N-2 Contingency Analysis Results
The N-2 analysis was performed only on
the set of cases with the failure of two major
transmission lines. Those major transmission
Contingencies
with D-FACTS
turned on
Numberof Lines
affected
Highest
Number of
devices in
a line
75 olo 26 17
85 o/o 7 7
90 olo 1 1 54
95 olo 1 1 54
s4IOO olo 1 1
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential
lines are all 230kV lines that are also key to
the function of the system. This was due a
limited access to CPUs to run the large amountof possible combinations of contingencies,
more than 30,000.
In most cases, the contingencies result in
loss of pafts of the system due to overloads
but in some other D-FACTS devices are able to
save some critical lines.
N-1 Neighbor's system Gontingency
Analysis Results
This study was performed focusing on
some critical regions inside the system where
the neighbors' infrastructure is a major
concern. All studies showed that some buses
and transformers can critically influence some
regions. Areas were both utilities serve joint
buses and loads are more prone to have lines
were D-FACTS devices can help reroute power
flow
b. Gonclusions
Increasing demand for electricity is putting
increasing pressure on the existing
transmission and distribution infrastructure,
creating bottlenecks and congestion. The
conventional solution of increasing system
capacity by building additional lines is
expensive and is subject to regulatory delays.
Under such conditions, it becomes important to
utilize the existing asset base more effectively,
improving line capacity and system reliability.
D-FACTS devices are a simpler solution.
The main advantage is their modularity. Being
small and easy to install makes their
deployment attractive. Their poftability is also
an obvious advantage.
This study studied the application of D-
FACTS devices on the transmission system of
a utility in the western paft of the U.S. In the
studied cases the D-FACTS proved to be
effective in order to keep the lines operating
within limits. As seen in the three examples
discussed in detail in the Master's thesis in
Appendix A, D-FACTS devices can reroute
power through other less loaded lines in order
to keep the transmission bottlenecks loaded
under the set limits. For each of the examples
D-FACTS have proven to have an impact on the
system with a reasonable amount of devices
and cost.
With D-FACTS, power can be rerouted
through other lines during normal operation to
help balance loading between different areas.
The devices can also serve to reroute power
through other utilities' paths and to control
power exchange between utilities.
Performing the N-1 contingency analysis
showed that the utility's system is well
designed, but there were cases where the D-
FACTS devices proved to be advantageous.
The N-1 study helps understand the critical
contingencies and bottlenecks. Being able to
reroute power during contingencies makes the
system more reliable and reduces the cost and
risk of outages.
The N-2 contingency study focused on
keeping the system within limits when two
simultaneous outages occur. The idea is to be
able to reroute the extra loading that some
lines will see in response to the N-2
contingency. In the example shown in this
study in Appendix A,29 D-FACTS devices are
installed in order to keep the line in question
under its critical loading of 95o/o.
The N-1 contingency analysis peftaining to
a fault on neighboring interconnected systems
shows that D-FACTS can mitigate the effect of
such an external system fault. Appropriately
placing and controlled D-FACTS devices can
maintain system integrity.
c. Future Work
For a more detailed study of the installationof D-FACTS devices on power transmission
lines, information about the mechanical and
physical design characteristics of the line at
hand is required. Results will help determine
the most optimal places to locate the D-FACTS
devices. Lines with wood poles may not be an
option for D- FACTS installation due to their
weight limitations but a study determining a
minimal redesign, e.9., replacing only a few
poles, may be insightful. Also there may be
other situations, e.9., locations prone to icing,
which may influence D-FACTS placement.
Future studies should include better
integration of the D-FACTS to impact power
flow under daily operation. Peform studies to
optimize the entire system based on
minimizing losses, improvement stability
margins or by other measures through the use
of D-FACTS devices. Including more than one
line with installed D-FACTS can improve
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential.
system capacity, rerouting options to
increase efficiency, stability and reliability.
The impact of D-FACTS devices on
protection schemes needs to be studied in
depth. The change in line impedance and the
quick disconnect when the D-FACTS sees a
fault will affect the relays. Relays need to
know how many devices are on and where
are they located in order to operate correctly
and avoid false tripping. For example, D-
FACTS devices are known to distort a
distance relay's estimate of distance to a
fault. Research into the advantages of having
D- FACTS devices communicate directly to
relays is wofth pursuing.
Study the security and reliability of the
communications system in order to retrieve
real time data and avoid undesired access
and control. As mentioned in Chapters 1 and
2 in Appendix A, communications and their
security are critical. Cyber attacks into the
devices or the utilities system can generate
major contingencies and security concerns.
Another interesting study would be
developing a small scale model of a D-FACTS
device to test it on a power model. This would
give additional understanding of how D-
FACTS devices work and help develop more
accurate models. In the power lab located at
the University of Idaho, a scale model of D-
FACTS could be used to test the response of
commercial relays when D-FACTS are
installed on a known system.
V!I. LESSONS LEARNED
Software models always need to be
validated in order to avoid future errors. The
D-FACTS model was not working properly at
the beginning of the project but the issue was
resolved by Powenruorld Corporation.
Line characteristics are critical in the
process of selecting the optimal placement
for D-FACTS devices. If lines do not meet
certain requirements, it is not worth doing a
more in depth study.
When D-FACTS devices are installed in
more than one line by the simulation tool, the
number of devices per line is reduced. Thetotal number of devices installed on the
system varies a lot depending on the
contingency.
VIII. PATH TO MARKET
D-FACTS devices are a good solution for
reducing overloading on lines reaching their
operational limits as well as for equipment
loading in critical paths.
Installing D-FACTS can be more cost
effective than reconductoring an existing
line or adding a new one.
This project developed the underlying
engineering to study this pafticular smart
grid solution to extend transmission system
technology in potentially cost effective way.
Results from this project will determine howto proceed with this technology. If the
technology appears to be feasible, and over
what time horizon, then recommendations
for developing it further will be made.
Hardware studies using a real time digital
simulator for hardware in the loop of power
hardware in the loop simulation should
follow, creating and analyzing performance
of prototype devices. If that shows promise,
engaging energy development resources, for
example through US Department of Energy
or other means.
APPENDIGES
Appendix A: Masteds Thesis
Alex Corredor Corredor, D-FACTS for
Improved Reliability of the Transmission
System during Contingencies. Master's
Thesis, University of Idaho, August 20L6.
Appendix B: Proiect Report
Alex Corredor and Mathew Klein, D-FACTS
devices on Bronx to Sand Point 115kV
Transmission Line. Project Report,
University of Idaho, August 2OL6.
APPENDIX H
INTERIM REPORT
Residentia! Static VAR Compensator (Phase 4)
B AHwsrtBOISE STATE UNIVERSITY
OPERATION AND CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTED
RESTDENTTAL STATTC VAR COMPENSATORS (RSVC)
Project Duration: September 20L6 - August 2017 Project Cost: Total Funding $98,901
OBJECTIVE
The overall goal of the RSVC project during
Year III is to demonstrate the RSVC ability to
boost low voltage points to the minimum
allowable level while reducing the voltage level
at the head of the feeder substation. This way,
the entire distribution network can take part in
conservation by voltage reduction (CVR),
Additional benefits include rapid voltage
response to distribution feeder events at the
residential level to improve power quality.
BUSINESS VALUE
The deployment of multiple RSVCs offers a
significant potential for energy savings as well
as cost effectiveness by voltage regulation. It
can be a valuable tool in a utility energy
efficiency and demand-side management
programs.
INDUSTRY NEED
The new single-phase RSVC device has the
distinct advantage over a conventional shunt
capacitor of being able to operate in a
capacitive or inductive mode without
generating substantial harmonics. This RSVC
employs a novel pulse-width-modulation
(PWM) technique applied to two specially-
designed bidirectional switches controlling the
variable reactive power output. This smaft
device can be used in multiple applications
such as continuous voltage control at a load
point, power factor control, mitigation of power
quality issues, etc. The new RSVC device has
the potential to disrupt current competitor
devices on several fronts including cost, power
quality, and smaft-grid applicability or
compatibility.
BAGKGROUND
Year I of the project consisted of a study model
of an RSVC for regulating residential voltages.
Year II of the project consisted of developing a
hardware prototype of the RSVC. Year III of
the project is to investigate
the potential benefits of deploying multiple
RSVCs on the residential side of the
distribution network.
PROJECT TASKS - Year lll
Task 1: Project Management
Internal weekly project coordination meetings
take place every Wednesday morning. Bi-
weekly status meetings with Avista take place
on Thursdays.
Task 2: Data Acquisition
Measured residential and substation feeder
data has been received from Avista.
Task 3: RSVC Dynamic Simulation
This task will build upon the open-loop control
of the current RSVC prototype by adding a
more sophisticated control scheme for voltage
and power factor control. This task is ongoing.
Task 4: Effect of RSVC on Existing Gapacitor
Transient Switching Study
This task has been assigned as a senior design
project at Boise State University. The situation
involves the modeling of a 10-mile long
distribution feeder with five uniformly
distributed loads every two miles. The
conductors are made of 4/O ACSR wires, At full
load, each load consumes 300 kVA at 0.85
power factor. A fixed 1200-kVAR switched
capacitor bank is located at2/3 of the distance
from the main substation and its switching in
and out creates an overvoltage affecting the
power quality of nearby customers. An RSVCcontrol system is being designed in
MATI-AB/S|mulink to regulate the voltage level
of a sensitive customer and to mitigate the
effect of an overuoltage. This task is ongoing.
Task 5: RSVC kVAr Size and Voltage Contro!
Algorithm Development
The RSVC is designed to be installed at the
residential service entrance across the 240V
bus. Figure 1 shows the proposed installation
with a fixed capacitor and a variable inductor.
LOAD
Transformer
ReactrDce
Output
Voltage
Residential Load Bus
RSVC
240V
Figure l: Installation Model for RSVC
Simulation studies show that the size of the
RSVC will be dependent on the lowest voltage
point in the distribution system. An analysis of
the results indicates that the RSVC can boostthe residential service voltage by
approximately 5.3 V for each 5 kVAr of shunt
capacitance. It is recommended that additional
residential and distribution feeder data be
simulated to increase the sample set and
provide a more accurate estimate than 5.3 V.
Because the overall distribution feeder may
have shoft periods of time where the voltage
is higher than typical, it is recommended to
match the inductive element VAr size to the
capacitive element VAr size. This will prevent
an overuoltage at the residential service due to
the fixed capacitor. This task is complete
pending Avista approval.
Task 6: Hardware Prototype Developmenti. Hardware Prototype
The RSVC prototype is being developed in a
power laboratory at Boise State University.
This prototype is based on the simulation
model shown in Figure 2. This device is a
reactive power compensator that can regulate
a residential load voltage with a fixed capacitorin shunt with a reactor controlled by two
bidirectional switches. The two switches are
turned on and off in a complementary manner
using a pulse-width modulation (PWM)
technique that allows the reactor to function as
a continuously-variable inductor.
The current RSVC prototype consists of a 190-
pF capacitor and a 30-mH inductor choke. This
device can operate in a capacitive or inductivemode without generating substantial
harmonics. The RSVC uses a novel pulse-
width-modulation (PWM) technique to create
the variable reactive compensation,
Figure 2: Simulation Model for RSVC
ia. RSVC Hardware Prototype Testing Results
Preliminary test results for the hardware
prototype were performed at 60 VAC with a 20-
ohm resistive load. The switching frequency
(Fsw) of the two bidirectional switches was
varied between 3 kHz and 12 kHz. Table 1
shows the RSVC output voltage (Vo) and RSVC
power losses (PL) as a result of varying the
duty cycle at discrete frequencies.
Table 1: Hardware Results
Task 7 & 8: Report and Presentation
These tasks are ongoing.
PROJEGT TEAM
PRINGIPAL INVESTIGATORS
Email [e-mail]
Dr 'lnhn qtr rhhen
Oroanization Boise State LJniversiw
Email [e-mail]
RESEARCI{ ASSISTAI{TS
MlhemmadKemr nIetif
OroaniTation Boise State tlniveEitv
Email muhammadlatif @u. boisestate.edu
Nama Tivand I iand
Orcanization Boise State univeBiW
Email zivanoliano(au. boisestate.edu
TASl(TIME
ALLOCATED
START
DATE
FINISH
DATE
A^. tl 7 lrlv tl 7
FYistind (-an SW 4 months O.t '1 5 Mav'17
RSVC Sizino 1 month oft .16 Mer'17
HW PrototvDe 2 months Oct'16 Auo'17
Final Report 2 months )uly'77 Auo'17
6
FlFeeder
Voltrge
I+vc
Swltch
Ftred
Crc
swl
Bmed
Bldlredood
Ssltch
Swltched
Inductor
DUTY CYCLE OF THE SrYl (D)
D tr O.5O D E O.7l D={D=OFr
kHz Vo
(v)
PL
(w)
Vo
(v)
PL
GY)
Vo
(v)
PL
(w)
Vo
(v)
PL
(w)
<4 1 io?754 g 17 707 ))
6 75.4 9 72.5 18 70.4 20 57.7 19
9 75.4 9 72.5 19 70.6 27 57.7 19
t2 75.4 9 72.4 22 70.8 29 57.7 19
The information contained in this document is proprietary and confidential.
SCHEDULE
APPENDIX !
INTERIM REPORT
Simulation-Based Commissioning of
Energy Management Gontrol Systems
si
Management Control Systems
Project Duration: 13 months
I NTEG RATED
DESIGI{ LAB
on':H?flBt't[3m m ission i ns of E ne rsy
AFr-stsrx
Project Cost: Total Funding $64,230
2016 Funding $34,723
?O17 Ftndino $29-507
OBJECTIVE
Optimal controls are essential for building
efficiency. However, because every building
and control system is unique, it can be a
challenge to analyze and tune these controls
on a large scale, Using energy models to
commission a building is one way to identify
errors and correct controls. This viftual
controller commissioning can save significant
amounts of energy and money. Due to the
lengthy period of time required to construct
energy models, this approach is rarely utilized.
The research proposed herein would
streamline the viftual commissioning method
and increase its market potential.
BUSINESS VALUE
The many benefits of this technology have been
limited by its tether to specific software
platforms (e,9,, EnergyPlus and BCWB). The
research proposed will help to move this service
beyond a specific modeling software to a
mathematical model that can be generated for
any building based on climate, internal loads and
construction. This will vastly broaden the appeal
of the virtual commissioning process to industry
partners who may offer this as an energy-
savings service to their clients. Controller
manufacturers may advertise their products as
pre-commissioned. Co-simulation will allow
verification of control logic and has been shown
to detect faults which were otherwise seen as
impossible to predict in the design phase. They
may also use the technology to virtually test new
and innovative control systems without risks to
building owners from unproven control logics.
Virtually commissioning the system using a
thermal model holds great promise in being able
to test for missed energy savings or occupant
discomfort as compared to the design intent.
INDUSTRY NEED
As the co-simulation adoption and applications
grow, the technology allows either building
managers or utility companies to provide
short-term forecasts of the building behavior
and load based on the thermal model and
weather information, Commissioning based on
an EnergyPlus building model has been shownto correctly predict energy demand and
forecast shortfalls in the cooling or heating
capacity. Utilities, building managers, and/or
third-pafty- providers may embrace this
approach as a curtailment strategy to predict
and mitigate peak building loads automatically.
Once the thermal model is created, and
communication is established with the EMS,
the economic benefits of automation, fault
detection, and prediction are immense.
BAGKGROUND
The COBE (College of Business and Economics)
building at the University of Idaho main
campus was selected for a physical
demonstration of this technology's capabilities
in this project. In the previous study, the team
had developed an energy model calibrated to
the building's utilities usages and acquired a
duplicate of the building's air- handling
controller. These were used to explore the EMS
logic and test new settings. The process
offered insight into the barriers and potential
benefits of using simulation- based
commissioning. However, the time required to
calibrate an EnergyPlus model is extensive,
and thus is not utilized by
practitioners. We will develop a methodology
of modeling the building using reduced order
model techniques, and compare the result tothe previous modeling and commissioning
study. This will be accomplished through using
a Grey-box uses building attributes to estimate
thermal behavior and energy use.
SGOPE
Task 1: Project Planning and Reporting
Conduct team meetings and ongoing project
updates, repofts and deliverables as requiredby Avista staff, project management
contractor and the PUC.
Task 2: Gather Baseline Data
The next step was to gather historical EMS and
weather data from the site location to
benchmark savings and to verify the previous
study's results.
Task 3: Establish Gommunication at the Site
Based upon work completed in 2OL4-2O15, the
team would perform a physical implementation
of the co-simulation at the site to establish
live-data transfer between the EMS and the
energy model. This step was rescheduled to
the spring in order to capture the proper
weather conditions to realize the correct
energy savings. During the winter months, the
economizer high-temperature lockout is rarely
used, and in order to verify the models
prediction this task had to be pushed back to a
time when the outdoor air temperatures push
the economizer is operations to where the
controls settings have a significant impact.
Task 4: Simplify Energy Model
This task involves convefting the detailed
EnergyPlus models into reduced-order thermal
models and using them to tune building
controls. This work is being performed in
parallel with Task 3. Targeted sub-system
monitoring to isolate impact of Task 3 will be
conducted as needed and as budget allows.
Task 5: Analyze Effectiveness of Reduced Order
Mode!
The team will compare the accuracy of the
reduced-order model to the EnergyPlus model.
The analysis will also include a study of
sensitivity, variable requirements, and
complexity of signal communication relative to
the EnergyPlus and the reduced order models.
Task 6: Develop Workflow for Practitioners
The final tasks will be a study of the process
that will add to the current literature and
promote this technology service to fufther
com mercialized techniques. This docu mentation
will be part of a master student's academic
work and potential publications in a conference
or a journal will be sought.
DELIVERABLES
At the conclusion of the project, the research
team should be able to conclude the following:. Reduced Order Model Methodology. Case Study Utilizing Methodology
PROJEGT TEAM
PRINCIPAL INVEETIGATORS
Name Elizabeth CooDer
Oroanization Universitv of Idaho
Contact #(204\ 401-0642
Email ecoooer@ u idaho. edu
Neme lin.had Yr rrn
Orqanization Universitv of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email icyuan @u idaho. ed u
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
Name Damon Woods
Orqanization University of Idaho
Email dwoods@u idhaho. edu
Name Sean Rosin
Oroanization Universitv of ldaho
Email srosin @ u id a ho. ed u
SGHEDULE
*C-Complete, IP-In progress
TASK TITIE
ALLOGATED
ATART
DATE
FtNtslt
DATE
STATUS
Prniod 9lannind ? m6nth<Ar rd'1 6 c
Gather Baseline
Data 2 months Aug'16 Oct'16 c
Establish site
Communication 1 month Apt't7 MaY'u IP
Reduced Order
Model 5 months Dec'15 May'17 IP
Effectiveness of
Model 4 months Apr'L7 Aug'L7 IP
Workflow
Development 2 months )ul'17 Aug'17 IP
The infornration contained in this document is proprietary and confidential.
APPENDIX J
INTERIM REPORT
Microgrid (Phase 2)
Universityorldaho AiFvtsrxCollege of Engineering
Microgrid Development in Downtown Spokah€, WA
Proiect Duration: 9 months Project Cost: $86,179.
OBJEGTIVE
In the event of a disaster caused blackout, cities
such as Spokane, WA, can suffer substantial
economic losses, and potential danger to the
public. The implementation of a microgrid
system in downtown Spokane will allow the
economic losses and public endangerment to be
lessened. The microgrid will also help to improve
the reliability of the downtown network and allow
for critical loads to be kept intact during an
extended power outage. The design of the
microgrid system utilizes four main energy
sources: photovoltaic, gas/diesel generators,
battery banks, and two local hydroelectric power
plants. The power grid has limitations the system
will produce, the microgrid will be designed to
feed the most impoftant facilities only. When
generation doesn't meet the demand the least
important load must be shed.
BUSINESS VALUE
The implementation of a microgrid in downtown
Spokane allows the reduction of economic losses
(due to the sudden shutdown of equipment).
Computer shut downs, locks malfunctioning,
hospital equipment failures, industry equipment
failures, and more; all of these failures
contribute to economic losses. The microgrid will
allow Avista to keep some power on in the case
of a blackout. The microgrid will also alleviate
issues when restoring the grid after a blackout.
INDUSTRY NEED
In the last few decades, the industry has focused
on interconnectivity between different network
systems in order to increase reliability and rangeof service. A drawback of the current
interconnectivity is sensitivity to rolling
blackouts. Thus, in order to provide increased
reliability, microgrids were developed to
temporarily isolate a paft of the system to
protect those customers from the major events
impacting the macrorid.
Developing the microgrid will increase the
reliability of power in Downtown Spokane. The
addition of renewable distributed generation and
energy banks to support the microgrid can also
be used to help supply the peak load.
BAGKGROUND
While the Spokane Microgrid is in the "island"
mode, it suffers from a significant power quality
problem as local generation is insufficient to
handle grid mode level loads. There are two
efforts to alleviate the energy shortage. One
method is load control in the form of a master
controller. This controller will receive data from
multiple points in the system and shed the non-
essential loads.
Another method is increasing the amount of
available local generation and energy storage.
The new generation will be in the form of
existing diesel generators at the hospitals, solar
panels, and megawatt batteries.
SGOPE
The scope of this project to create a microgrid
for the Downtown Spokane area. In order to do
this there are several pieces that need to come
together. The following paragraphs discuss how
this project is progressing and the next steps to
reach completion.
Learning RTDS
RTDS stands for real time digital simulator. The
first semester was spent learning how to use
this program. A test case was created using
model loads and transmission lines. The
parameters of this model power system were all
known. By comparing the known values of the
power system to the test case values generated
from the RTDS program, it was determined that
the program was being utilized correctly. By
knowing how to use this program alternate
models can be built in the future, that will reflect
the loads to be looked at in the microgrid.
Fault Implementation
The next step is to add circuit breakers and
faults into the model, Once this is complete the
program can run a simulation with a fault
present so the circuit breaker would be tripped.
Knowing how to trip breakers in RTDS will bekey once the load shedding scheme is
implemented
Load SheddingIn an ideal situation the generation would
always meet load conditions and every load
could alwaysbe served. This is not the case for
the downtown microgrid. When the demand is
higherthan the generating capacity, load must
be shed in order to keep the system from
crashing. For this task a priority list for the
critical loads was provided. The load shedding
scheme will first be implemented on the RTDS.
This will allow the system to cut the lowest
priority load when the demand exceeds the
generation.
The next step is to implement the load shedding
scheme onto the RTAC which stands for Real Time
Automation Control ler.
Human Machine Interface
The human machine inteface also known as an
HMI, will be used to control the RTDS model that
is provided. For the development of the HMI a
program from SEL, known as the AcSElerator, will
be used. Using the AcSElerator will develop the
software that will be implemented on the Real
Time Automated Controller.
The first step to creating the controller is to
become familiar with the software being used.
Using example prgects that are provided by SEL,the AcSElerator program can be better
understood.
After learning the AcSElerator program, the RTDS
model can be uploaded. This will allow the
AcSElerator to test the different settings using the
RTDS model provided. The AcSELerator software
will be used to create a master controller that will
be used to manage the microgrid. The controller
will be able to report the status of the microgrid to
the control center where an engineer will be able
to determine the best action for islanding.
Detailed Specifications for Equipment and
Equipment Locations
This task includes detailed specifications for
equipment that will be used in order to implement
our design. This includes cost estimation. Some
equipment might be energy storage devices,inverters, transformers, switches, auto-
synchronizers, natural gas conversion kits, and
much more.
This task also includes choosing the best locations
to install the equipment listed above. The main
concentration being efficient solar panel locations
and options for where to place energy storage
devices.
PowerWorld Simulation
This task includes integrating our team's design,
which will include the location of the solar panels
and batteries, with the existing PowerWorld model
representing the downtown network.
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be:o Load shedding scheme in RTDSo HMI using AcSEleratoro Photovoltaic locations and power output
availableo Battery locations and detailed specificso Options for converting hospital generators
to partially natural gaso Options for pairing hospital generators
with the grido Detailed cost estimation for design
installation
PROJEGT TEAM
SGHEDULE
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Name Dr. Herbert Hess
Orqanization Universitv of Idaho
Contact #r208) 885-4341
Email hhess@u idaho. edu
Name Dr Brian lohnsnn
Orqanization University of Idaho
Contact #[phone]
Email biohnson @uidaho.edu
RESEARCH ASSISTANTS
Name Jordan Scott
Organization
Email
University of Idaho
[e-mail]
Name Lvn Endlanrl
Orqanization
Email
University of Idaho
[e-mail]
Name Lexi Turkenburo
Orqanization
Email
University of Idaho
Turk9655@va nda ls. u idaho. edu
Name Chriqtine PanP
Orqanization University of Idaho
Email Page31 14@vandals. uidaho.edu
TASK START
DATE
FINISH
DATE
o/o
Gompletion
Small ScaleFvamnle Modpl 9/26/2076 L2/U20L6 100o/o
Trip Breaker with
Model 9/26/2016 L2/Ll20L6 lOOo/o
Trip Breaker with
Relav in Model 9/26/2OL6 t2/L/20L6 100o/o
Mastercontroller at22t20t6 4t1t2017 25o/o
RTDS Model 9/8t20t6 6t1/2077 5Oo/o
Load Shedding 9/9/2016 4/Ll2017 25o/o
Protection Settings 9/t/2016 Continuous 50o/o
APPENDIX K
INTERIM REPORT
CAES Water/Energy Conservation Analys is
Universityotldaho AFvtsrn
College of Engineering
CAES Water/ Energy Conservation Analysis
Project Duration: 12 months Project Cost: Total Funding: $90,645.06
OBJEGTIVE
Food processing is one of the largest
consumers of water and energy in the Pacific
Northwest. Reducing this consumption is
necessary to improve efficiency of systems and
is of interest to Avista and its customers in food
production. We propose to assist in decreasing
water and energy consumption of food
processing plants by examining current
technologies and suggesting improved
systems to better align with consumption
needs. We will focus on one customer,
Litehouse Foods, and determine where a
change in their current systems will provide
the largest decrease in energy consumption.
These systems will be modeled by two
simulation programs, Aspen-HYSYS and
Flownex Simulation Environment. The results
from both programs will be compared
extensively to ensure the accuracy of the
results and the effects of any proposed
changes to current systems. Based on the
simulation results upgrades will be proposed to
Litehouse Foods to decrease overall energy
usage while improving the efficiency of their
systems. They will be encouraged to
implement these upgrades in their planned
renovations.
BUS!NESS VALUE
Decreased energy consumption has financial
benefits for the plant under consideration. In
addition, newer technologies will provide them
with a longer operation while meeting the
demands of their customers and their energy
provider. Avista will also benefit in the long-
term as their energy demand will decrease,
benefitting them financially as well.
These changes will also allow them to meet
their regulations and demands easier.
INDUSTRY NEED
Food production is essential to the
infrastructure of the United States. As the
population continually grows, the amount of
food produced also increases. There is also a
demand for energy and water efficiency due to
the growing population. In order for food
production to continue, measures must be
taken to improve individually plant efficiencies
not only in the Northwest, but nationwide. This
study addresses these needs and suggests that
production facilities work in conjunction with
their utilities providers to improve plant
systems and operations.
BAGKGROUND
The growing demand on energy and water
supplies jeopardize the delicate balance
between food production and, energy and
water use. Because of this high water and
energy use, the Northwest Food Processors
Association (NWFPA) has a goal for its
members to reduce energy consumption by
50o/o by 2030. Improvements on this goal have
declined recently as it becomes more difficult
to identify additional savings. In addition, the
nature of food production presents obstacles in
the heating and cooling within processes.
These are often required on a continuous basis
to maintain the integrity of the food produced.
Any proposed changes to production plants will
need to take this into account during the
design phase.
SGOPE
Task 1: Prepare Information (COMPLETE)
The first task involves making contact with
Litehouse Foods in Sandpoint Idaho, touring
their production facility, and organizing and/or
creating modules necessary to perform
simulation of energy and water consumption.
Task 2: Create Models (IN PROGRESS)
Once the sufficient modules have been
organized to represent process units in the
refrigeration systems, the simulation models
in both Aspen-HYSYS and Flownex simulation
environment will be created in the following
steps:
1. Basic process system with designed
operating parameters
2. Incorporation of humidification for all
condensers3. Simulation of one summer and one
winter month
Task 3: Optimize and Upgrade
With the working models of the refrigeration
system, a performance evaluation will take
place considering the required load vs.
installed system capabilities, There will be an
optimization study to combine current systems
and remove unnecessary components to
maintain required load and significantly
decrease energy consumption. Improvements
will be proposed to the plant for incorporation
into planned renovation.
Task 4: Instruct Avista
Complete models with modules will be
presented to Avista engineers along with
detailed instructions on how the model and
system operate in conjunction. This will give
Avista the tools for further implementation
with Litehouse systems as well as additional
customers.
Task 5: Final Report
The final report will include all findings of the
study. Information on current plant process
systems and constructed models will be
included,
DELIVERABLES
The deliverables for this project will be:
. Project report and documentation. HYSYS and Flownex models with all
modules that would enable Avista
engineers to model current plant
configurations. Models provided to partnering
companyo Training on how to use model and
implement for use in other plants
PROJECT TEAM
PRINGIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Name Dr. Richard Christensen
Organization University of ldaho
Contact #208-533-8102
Email rchristensen@ uidaho.edu
Na me Dr- Karpn Hlrmes
Orsanization Universitv of ldaho
Contact #208-885-6506
Email khumes@ uidaho.ed u
RESEARCH ADVISORS
Name Dr- Michael McKellar
Orsanization ldaho National Lab
Email [e-mail]
Name Dr. Dennis Keiser
Organization University of ldaho
Email dennisk@ uidaho.ed u
RESEARGH ASSISTANTS
Name Jivan Khatrv
Oreanization University of ldaho
Email Khat6738@vanda ls. uidaho.ed u
Name SteDhen Hancock
Orga nization Universitv of ldaho
Email [e-mail]
SGHEDULE
I
TASK TIME START
DATE
FINISH
DATE
Preoare lnformation 4 month Seo 2016 Dec 2015
Create Models 4 month )an 20L7 Aor 2Ot7
Ootimize and Uosrade 2 month Aor 20L7 )un 2Ol7
lnstruct Avista l month Jun 2Ol7 Jul2O!7
Final Report l month Jul2OLT Aug 2017